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28 August 2013, Volume 33 Issue 8 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Original article (Basic research)
Original article (Clinical research)
Original article (Preventive medicine)
Original article (Public health administration)
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Original article (Basic research)

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Quality control and stability determination with HPLC-ED of N-stearoyltyrosine LE Ke-jia, SHI Yi-ming, XIE Yi-fan, et al 2013, 33 (8):  1045.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2013.08.001 Abstract ( 965 )   PDF (343KB) ( 1078 )   Objective To establish the method of high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ED) for determination of content of N-stearoyltyrosine (NsTyr) to monitor the purity of product during reactions, optimize the preparation process and evaluate the stability of NsTyr solution. Methods The separation was performed on an Agilent Eclipse XDB-C8 column (5 μm, 4.6×150 mm). The mobile phase was methanol-water (80∶20). Detection potential: 600 mV; flow rate: 0.7 mL/min; column oven temperature: 25 ℃; sample volume: 10 μL. The stability trials of NsTyr in methanol were tested under certain concentrations and varied storage circumstances, based on current methodology verified from content assays on NsTyr after numerous recrystallization. Results Amid 0.03-10 μg/mL of NsTyr, the area of peak was in linear correlation with concentration (r2＞0.999). The methodology was fully validated of rational precision, sensitivity and selectivity. The purity of NsTyr after recrystallization for three times surpassed 99%, and the concentration alternation in solution under short-term ambient temperature, long-term refrigeration storage and freezing-thaw circle test was within 5%. Conclusion Endowed with fairly high convenience and reliability, the established method is feasible for both quality control and quantity determination of NsTyr. The high purity and solubility of NsTyr may facilitate the cell culture and animal experiment. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of high glucose on podocyte cytoskeleton and cytoskeleton related proteins ZHANG Lu-lu, CHEN Jue, YAN Yu-cheng, et al 2013, 33 (8):  1050.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2013.08.002 Abstract ( 1187 )   PDF (649KB) ( 1318 )   Objective To investigate the effects of high glucose on F-actin cytoskeleton and expression and distribution of cytoskeleton related proteins of podocytes in mice. Methods Mouse podocytes cultured in vitro were divided into normal control group, high permeability control group and high glucose group. The expression and distribution of F-actin, α-actinin-4 and vinculin in podocytes were determined by immunofluorescence staining. The expression of α-actinin-4 and vinculin protein in podocytes was detected by Western blotting. Results In normal control group and high permeability control group, F-actin existed in the form of tension fibers in podocytes, and α-actinin-4 mainly located around cells and in actin microfilaments and membrane ruffles. However, F-actin tension fibers decreased, and α-actinin-4 moved into inner cytoplasm in high glucose group. There was no significant difference in the distribution of vinculin among groups. Western blotting revealed that the expression of α-actinin-4 protein in high glucose group was significantly lower than that in normal control group (P＜0.001), and there was no significant difference in the expression of vinculin protein among groups (P>0.05). Conclusion High glucose may induce F-actin cytoskeleton reorganization and cytoplasmic translocation of α-actinin-4, and may suppress the expression of α-actinin-4 in podocytes. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preliminary study on TBX1 gene promoter activity XU Yue-juan, PU Tian, CAO Rui-xue, et al 2013, 33 (8):  1055.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2013.08.003 Abstract ( 1858 )   PDF (433KB) ( 1228 )   Objective To determine the activity of TBX1 gene promoter, and identify the critical region of TBX1 gene promoter. Methods TBX1 gene promoters with different length were isolated and amplified by PCR, digested and inserted into pGL3-Basic reporter gene vector. 293T and COS7 cells were transiently transfected with reporter plasmids containing TBX1 gene promoters with different length using FuGene HD. Forty-two hours later, the activity of TBX1 gene promoters with different length was compared with luciferase detection. Results There were differences in activity among TBX1 gene promoters with different length, and the activity of TBX1 gene promoters with 5 kb and 1.2 kb in length was higher. The activity of TBX1 gene promoters varied in different cells, with the highest activity of TBX1 gene promoter with 5 kb in length in COS7 cells and that with 1.2 kb in length in 297T cells. Conclusion In transcriptional level, TBX1 promoter could activate the expression of reporter gene. The activity varies among promoters with different length. It is suspected that 1.2 kb upstream region of transcript start site is critical to TBX1 gene promoter. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of ketamine on learning and memory function and expression of Egr-1 in hippocampus of minor rats LI Xiao-li, PENG Li-chao, GE Jian-ling, et al 2013, 33 (8):  1060.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2013.08.004 Abstract ( 982 )   PDF (563KB) ( 1155 )   Objective To investigate the effects of ketamine on learning and memory function and expression of early growth responsive gene-1 (Egr-1) in hippocampus of minor rats. Methods Twenty minor SD rats were randomly divided into normal saline control group (Ns group) and ketamine group (Ket group). Rats in Ket group were intraperitoneally injected with 50 mg/kg ketamine, and those in Ns group were administrated with same amount of normal saline for 6 d. Morris water maze test was adopted to explore the learning and memory function at 24 h after the final injection. The sections of hippocampus were obtained at 1 h of the final Morris water maze test, and the expression of Egr-1 mRNA and protein was determined by Real-Time PCR and Western blotting respectively. Results In Morris water maze test, the latency in place navigation in Ket group was significantly longer than that in Ns group (P<0.05), and the times of crossing the platform and total swimming distance in Ket group were significantly decreased compared with Ns group (P<0.05). It was revealed that the expression of Egr-1 mRNA and protein in Ket group was significantly lower than that in Ns group (P<0.05). Conclusion Application of ketamine in minor rats may result in learning and memory impairment, and the mechanism may be associated with the down-regulation of expression of Egr-1 in hippocampus. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of cinepazide maleate preconditioning on rat models of cerebral ischemia PU Zheng, WANG Xiao-rong, GAN Jing, et al 2013, 33 (8):  1064.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2013.08.005 Abstract ( 892 )   PDF (576KB) ( 1095 )   Objective To investigate the effect of cinepazide maleate preconditioning on rat models of cerebral ischemia, and explore its neuroprotective function. Methods SD rats were randomly divided into cinepazide maleate preconditioning group (treatment-operation group), normal saline preconditioning group (control-operation group) and cinepazide maleate preconditioning without operation group (treatment-non-operation group). After preconditioning for 5 d, ischemic rat models were established by the modified suture method of left middle cerebral artery occlusion in treatment-operation group and control-operation group. One day, 3 d and 7 d after operation, the changes of behaviors and brain tissues of rats in each group were observed. In treatment-operation group and control-operation group, the hemiplegia status was scored, areas of cerebral ischemia were calculated with TTC staining of brain slices, and the severity of cerebral ischemia was compared. Results One day and 3 d after operation, there was no significant difference in the hemiplegia score and area of cerebral ischemia between treatment-operation group and control-operation group (P>0.05). The hemiplegia score was significantly lower, and the area of cerebral ischemia was significantly smaller in treatment-operation group than those in control-operation group 7 d after operation (P<0.05). No behavior changes and ischemic area of brain slices was observed in treatment-non-operation group. Conclusion Cinepazide maleate may have a neuroprotective function in cerebral ischemia. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on repair of vaginal mucosa defect by linked human acellular amniotic membrane in rabbits XU Pei-rong, WU Qing-kai, CHENG Hui, et al 2013, 33 (8):  1068.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2013.08.006 Abstract ( 1036 )   PDF (772KB) ( 1182 )   Objective To investigate the feasibility of repair of vaginal mucosa defect by linked human acellular amniotic membrane (HAM) in rabbits. Methods Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) were used as the experimental cells to evaluate the cytotoxicity of linked HAM in vitro. Sixteen adult female New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into experiment group and control group (n=8), and vaginal mucosa defect models were prepared in two groups. The vaginal mucosa defect in experiment group was managed with linked HAM, while no treatment was conducted in control group. Full-thickness tissues of posterior vaginal wall were obtained 3 d, 1 week, 2 weeks and 4 weeks after surgery, and gross observation and HE staining were performed to evaluate the repair of vaginal mucosa defect. Results There was no significant difference in the absorbance value between linked HAM solution and negative controls (P>0.05), and the cytotoxicity graded 0 to I, which indicated that linked HAM met the standard for medical biomaterials in cytotoxicity. No wound infection was found in two groups of rabbits. Three days and 1 week after surgery, there was more inflammatory cell infiltration in two groups, and more proliferation of vaginal epithelial cells and smooth muscle development were found in experiment group. Two weeks after surgery, the vaginal mucosa defect was covered by a layer of vaginal epithelial tissues in experiment group, while only part of the vaginal epithelium covered the defect in control group. Four weeks after surgery, there was no significant difference between vaginal mucosa defect and surrounding normal tissues in experimental group, while the newly generated vaginal epithelial cells grew disorderly in control group. Conclusion Linked HAM may be the favorable material in repair of vaginal mucosa defect in rabbits. Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of HPV16 E2 on epithelial-mesenchymal transition of cervical cancer SiHa cells QIAN Wen-yan, ZHANG Jia-wen, DONG Yu, et al 2013, 33 (8):  1074.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2013.08.007 Abstract ( 913 )   PDF (465KB) ( 1160 )   Objective To investigate the influence of HPV16 E2 on epithelial-mesenchymal transition of cervical cancer SiHa cells. Methods Lipofectamine was used to transfect p-CAG-MYC-HPV16 E2 gene into cervical cancer SiHa cells. The morphology of cells was observed before and after transfection with phase-contrast microscope, and the expression of Twist2, E-cadherin and Vimentin before and after transfection was determined by RT-PCR and Western blotting. Results HPV16 E2 was successfully transfected into SiHa cells. After transfection, the epithelial cells became spindle-shaped, with enlarged intercellular space, and the expression of Twist2 and Vimentin was up-regulated, while the expression of E-cadherin was down-regulated. Conclusion HPV16 E2 can induce epithelialmesenchymal transition of cervical cancer cells, and promote cervical carcinogenesis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of high fat diet on metabolism and inflammatory and oxidative stress responses in placenta of pregnant mice CHEN Xuan, LI Hua-ping 2013, 33 (8):  1079.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2013.08.008 Abstract ( 961 )   PDF (635KB) ( 1237 )   Objective To investigate the effects of high fat diet before and during pregnancy on metabolism and inflammatory and oxidative stress responses in placenta of pregnant mice. Methods Forty female C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into high fat diet group and control group. After feeding for 14 weeks, female mice in two groups mated with male mice, and pregnant mice were sacrificed on gestational day 18.5. The body weight, fasting blood glucose and insulin, serum lipid and serum inflammatory factors of pregnant mice in two groups were observed. The placenta tissues were isolated, and the levels of inflammatory and oxidative stress related factors were determined, including the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) mRNA, tumor necrosis factor factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA and interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA, content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and phospho-NF-κB (pNF-κB). Results The body weight, fasting blood glucose and insulin, serum lipid and serum IL-6 and TNF-α in high fat diet group were significantly higher than those in control group (P<0.001). The expression of NF-κB and pNF-κB, pNF-κB /NF-κB, the expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and HIF-1α mRNA and the content of MDA in placenta tissues in high fat diet group were significantly higher than those in control group (P<0.001 or P<0.05). Conclusion Maternal obesity may aggravate metabolic disorders and alter placental inflammatory and oxidative stress responses, which may change the function of placental vascular endothelium and lead to the obstrical complications. Related Articles | Metrics

Original article (Clinical research)

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Correlation of mutations at coding regions of XRCC4 and XPC with hepatocellular carcinoma HUANG Xiao-ying, WANG Chao, HUANG Bing-chen, et al 2013, 33 (8):  1085.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2013.08.009 Abstract ( 1108 )   PDF (277KB) ( 1032 )   Objective To investigate the effects of mutations at coding regions of X-ray repair complementing group 4 (XRCC4) and xeroderma pigmentosum group C (XPC) on the development and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) related to aflatoxin B1(AFB1) exposure. Methods This study, including 1 499 HCC cases of HCC and 2 049 controls, was a hospital-based case-control study. TaqMan-PCR technique was employed to test genotypes of XRCC4 codon 247 and XPC codon 939, whereas logistic regression model and Cox's regression model were used to analyse the correlation of XRCC4 and XPC mutations with development and prognosis of AFB1-related HCC. Results The mutations at coding regions of XRCC4 and XPC gene increased the risk of development of HCC, with relative odd ratios of 2.01 and 1.76 for XRCC4 and XPC respectively (P<0.05). The mutative genotypes of XRCC4 and XPC genes interacted with AFB1 exposure in development of HCC. Furthermore, the mutative genotypes of these two genes modified the prognosis of HCC. Conclusion The mutations at coding regions of XRCC4 and XPC may increase the risk of development of AFB1-related HCC and modulate the prognosis of HCC. Related Articles | Metrics

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Detection of overexpression of genes encoding target enzyme and efflux pumps in fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans SHI Ce, LIU Jin-yan, WEI Bing, et al 2013, 33 (8):  1089.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2013.08.010 Abstract ( 1062 )   PDF (515KB) ( 1252 )   Objective To investigate the expression of MDR1, CDR1, CDR2 and ERG11 genes in clinical fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans isolates, and explore its relationship with drug resistance. Methods The expression of drug resistance related genes MDR1, CDR1, CDR2 and ERG11 was detected by Real-Time PCR, and mean and standard deviation of △Ct in genes of susceptible strains were calculated, with lower than －3 s as overexpression. The efflux of Rhodamine6G was determined to examine the function of efflux pumps in the overexpression strains of Candida albicans. Results Among the 12 drug resistant strains, CDR1 and CDR2 were the most notable genes, with overexpression in 8 and 3 strains respectively. There was one strain overexpressing ERG11, and none for MDR1. The efflux of Rhodamine6G increased in the strains overexpressing efflux pumps, and the effect was enhanced after addition of glucose. As to the susceptible strains, there was almost no efflux before addition of glucose, and there was a slight change after addition of glucose. Conclusion Fluconazole-resistance is related to the overexpression of ABC transport protein superfamily, which is confirmed by the gene expression profile and function test of efflux pumps. Related Articles | Metrics

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Determination of effects of synthesis intervention based on RBANS on cognitive function of patients with schizophrenia CAI Jun, ZHANG Wei-bo, ZHU Yi 2013, 33 (8):  1094.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2013.08.011 Abstract ( 1805 )   PDF (297KB) ( 1463 )   Objective To investigate the effects of synthesis intervention based on Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuro-psychological Status (RBANS) on the cognitive function of patients with schizophrenia. Methods A total of 128 patients with schizophrenia were randomly divided into synthesis intervention group (n=68) and control group (n=60), and the cognitive function of patients was assessed with RBANS during the follow up before intervention, at the end of intervention, 6 months after intervention and 12 months after intervention. Results Six months after intervention, the delayed memory score in synthesis intervention group was significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05). Twelve months after intervention, the total RBANS score, immediate memory score, visuospatial/constructional score and delayed memory score in synthesis intervention group were significantly higher than those in control group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The changes of total RBANS score were correlated with age and total disease course of patients in synthesis intervention group (P<0.05). Conclusion Synthesis intervention based on RBANS can effectively improve the cognitive function of patients with schizophrenia. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical analysis of hysteroscopic transcervical resection of endometrium with levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in treatment of adenomyosis CHEN Fu-qiang, WANG Ai-ping, ZHANG Ai-feng, et al 2013, 33 (8):  1098.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2013.08.012 Abstract ( 942 )   PDF (360KB) ( 1162 )   Objective To investigate the clinical value of hysteroscopic transcervical resection of endometrium(TCRE) with levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (Mirena) in treatment of adenomyosis. Methods Ninety-four patients with adenomyosis were randomly divided into combined treatment group (n=42), Mirena group (n=42) and TCRE group (n=21). Patients were followed up for 24 months after treatment, and the volumes of menstrual bleeding, hemoglobin levels, dysmenorrhea scores, volumes of uterus, serum CA125 levels, rates of recurrence and incidences of complications were observed. Results The volumes of menstrual bleeding were lower, the hemoglobin levels were higher, and the dysmenorrhea scores and serum CA125 levels were lower at each time point after treatment than those before treatment in three groups (P<0.05). The volumes of uterus 3 months, 6 months and 12 months after treatment were significantly smaller than those before treatment in three groups (P<0.05). Twelve and 24 months after treatment, the dysmenorrhea scores and volumes of uterus rebounded, and the volumes of uterus tended to increase in TCRE group, and the volumes of uterus in combined treatment group were significantly smaller than those in Mirena group and TCRE group (P<0.05). The rate of recurrence 24 months after treatment and the incidences of irregular small amount of vaginal bleeding 3 to 6 months after treatment in combined treatment group were significantly lower than those in Mirena group and TCRE group (P<0.05). Conclusion TCRE with Mirena may be an effective approach in treatment of adenomyosis, with lower rate of recurrence and incidence of complications. Related Articles | Metrics

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Methodology research of assessing body composition in children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation ZHU Chen-lin, LOU Jian-hua, SHEN Nan-ping, et al 2013, 33 (8):  1103.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2013.08.013 Abstract ( 840 )   PDF (364KB) ( 1103 )   Objective To investigate the accuracy of anthropometric methods in assessing the body composition of children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with direct segmental multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (DSM-BIA) as reference standard. Methods With prospective design, 65 children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in Shanghai Children's Medical Center were enrolled. The body composition was measured by DSM-BIA, and the height, weight, mid upper arm circumference, triceps skinfold thickness and waist circumference were also recorded. Using DSM-BIA as reference standard, the accuracy of anthropometric measurements in assessing the body composition of children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was tested. Results No matter in general or stratified by genders and mature status, triceps skinfold thickness had the highest correlation and minimal standard error with body fat percent measured by DSM-BIA (%BFDSM-BIA). Conclusion Triceps skinfold thickness is a favorable indicator in reflecting the body fat status of children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes in distribution and drug resistance of pathogens in infective endocarditis YAO Dong-ting, YING Chun-mei, ZHANG Ji-wei, et al 2013, 33 (8):  1108.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2013.08.014 Abstract ( 876 )   PDF (279KB) ( 1276 )   Objective To investigate the distribution and drug resistance of pathogens in blood culture of infective endocarditis patients. Methods The isolates were tested by K--B susceptibility method with Mueller-Hinton culture medium. The results of drug susceptibility test were analyzed by WHONET 5.6 software. The distribution of pathogens in blood culture of infective endocarditis patients between 2005 and 2008 and between 2009 and 2012 was analysed. Results Thirty-nine pathogens were isolated, among which Streptococcus viridans (n=23, 59.0%) was the most common pathogen. The resistance rate of Streptococcus viridans to penicillin and ceftriaxone was 13.0%, and that to erythromycin and clindamycin was 30.4%. The resistance rate of Staphylococcus to penicillin was 81.8%, and that to oxacillin was 54.5%. The proportion of Streptococcus viridans decreased from 66.7% between 2005 and 2008 to 52.3% between 2009 and 2012, and the proportion of Staphylococcus increased from 11.1% between 2005 and 2008 to 42.9% between 2009 and 2012. The resistance rate of Streptococcus viridans to all the common antibiotics exhibited a down trend. Conclusion The monitoring of changes of distribution and drug resistance of pathogens in infective endocarditis may guide the rational application of antibiotics. Related Articles | Metrics

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Association of 5-HTR2A gene -1438G/A polymorphisms with obsessive-compulsive disorder and efficacy of sertraline treatment LIU Yan-hui, ZHANG Xin-hua, ZHANG Li-xia 2013, 33 (8):  1112.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2013.08.015 Abstract ( 1392 )   PDF (364KB) ( 1269 )   Objective To investigate the association of 5-HT2A receptor (5-HTR2A) gene -1438G/A polymorphisms with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and efficacy of sertraline treatment. Methods One hundred and twenty-seven patients with OCD were selected, and were treated with sertraline for 8 weeks, with 200 mg/d as the highest dose of sertraline. The efficacy was rated by Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to detect -1438G/A polymorphisms of 5-HTR2A gene in patients with OCD and healthy controls (n=224). Results There were significant differences in the allele distribution frequencies between OCD group and control group (P<0.05), while there was no significant difference in the genotype distribution frequency between two groups (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the allele distribution frequency between sertraline effective group and sertraline invalid group (P>0.05), while there were significant differences in the genotype distribution frequencies between two groups (P<0.05). There were significant differences in the allele distribution frequencies and genotype distribution frequencies between females in OCD group and those in control group (P<0.05), between OCD early onset group and control group (P<0.05), between OCD early onset group and OCD late onset group (P<0.05), and between patients only with obsessive-compulsive behavior in OCD group and control group (P<0.05). Conclusion 5-HTR2A gene -1438A allele may be the risk factor of development of OCD. -1438G/A polymorphism may be associated with female gender, early disease onset and obsessive-compulsive behavior as the only symptom in OCD. The genotype of 5-HTR2A gene -1438G/A polymorphisms may be associated with the efficacy of sertraline treatment in OCD. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of CARE kV technique in chest CT scanning YANG Bin, WU Yan, LI De-yan, et al 2013, 33 (8):  1117.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2013.08.016 Abstract ( 972 )   PDF (537KB) ( 1115 )   Objective To investigate the application of CARE kV technique in chest computed tomography (CT) scanning. Methods A total of 140 patients suspected with chest diseases were randomly divided into experiment group and control group, and underwent chest scanning with CARE kV technique and routine kV technique respectively. The CT values, image noise, signal-to-noise ratios and contrast to noise ratios of apex of lung, level of descending aorta bifurcation of trachea and middle area of left atrium were measured. The image quality was assessed with 5-point scale. The CT dose indexes of volume (CTDIvol), dose length product (DLP) and effective doses (ED) were recorded and compared between groups. Results All the images in two groups could satisfy the requirement of diagnosis. There was no significant difference in the CT values of apex of lung, level of descending aorta bifurcation of trachea and middle area of left atrium between two groups (P＞0.05). The image noise in experiment group was significantly higher than that in control group (P＜0.001), and the signal-to-noise ratio in experiment group was significantly lower than that in control group (P＜0.001). There was no significant difference in the contrast to noise ratio of level of descending aorta bifurcation of trachea between two groups (P＞0.05). CTDIvol, DLP and ED in experiment group were significantly lower than those in control group (P＜0.001). Conclusion CARE kV scanning in chest CT examination could significantly reduce the radiation dosage and satisfy the requirement of diagnosis, which has the potential of clinical value. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical effects of three desensitizers on cervical dentin hypersensitivity CHEN Jiong, YAN Pei-fang, SUN Zhe 2013, 33 (8):  1122.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2013.08.017 Abstract ( 1385 )   PDF (287KB) ( 1206 )   Objective To observe the clinical effects of different desensitizers on cervical dentin hypersensitivity. Methods Seventy-six patients (214 teeth) with cervical dentin hypersensitivity were divided into moderate symptom group (n=110) and severe symptom group (n=104) according to the severity of hypersensitivity. Desensitization was randomly performed with Clinpro TMXT Varnish, Gluma and 75% sodium fluoride glycerol in each group. The efficacy was evaluated immediately after treatment and 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after treatment, and the effective rates were calculated. Results There was no significant difference in the effective rates immediately after treatment and 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after treatment between moderate symptom group and severe symptom group (P>0.05). The efficacy of Clinpro TMXT Varnish and Gluma was better than that of sodium fluoride glycerol immediately after treatment within the same group (P<0.05). The efficacy decreased with time for all the three desensitizers. Six months after treatment, the effective rate of Clinpro TMXT Varnish was higher than those of Gluma and 75% sodium fluoride glycerol (P<0.05). Conclusion All the three desensitizers may play a role in the treatment of cervical dentin hypersensitivity, and Clinpro TMXT Varnish may yield better long-term effects. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical application of RetCam Ⅱ examination in 903 infants ZHANG Qi, FEI Ping, ZHAO Pei-quan 2013, 33 (8):  1126.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2013.08.018 Abstract ( 1327 )   PDF (750KB) ( 1313 )   Objective To investigate the application of RetCam Ⅱ examination in the screening of infantile eye diseases. Methods The clinical data of infants aged less that 1 year undergoing fundus examinations by RetCam Ⅱ between January 2012 and June 2012 were collected, and the birth history (birth weight and gestational age), adjusted gestational age, gender and family history of diseases were recorded. Results A total of 903 infants (1 806 eyes) received RetCam Ⅱ examination, and there were abnormal findings in 890 eyes (49.28%). There were 50 eyes with abnormal anterior segment, 784 eyes with abnormal posterior segment, 26 diseased eyes combined with systematic disease, 26 eyes with phthisis bulbi and 4 eyes with trauma. Among the 784 eyes with abnormal posterior segment, there were 416 eyes (53.06%) with retinopathy of prematurity, 132 eyes (16.84%) with familial exudative vitreoretinopathy and 90 eyes (11.48%) with persistent fetal vasculature. Among the 50 eyes with abnormal anterior segment, those with congenital cataract accounted for 56.00% (28 eyes). Conclusion RetCam Ⅱ plays an important role in the early screening of infantile eye diseases, especially for congenital and hereditary fundus diseases. Related Articles | Metrics

Original article (Preventive medicine)

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Effects of structured nutrition education on glycemic control and diet behaviors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ZHOU Ying-xia, LU Luo, ZHAO Lie-bin, et al 2013, 33 (8):  1131.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2013.08.019 Abstract ( 960 )   PDF (286KB) ( 1077 )   Objective To investigate the effects of structured nutrition education in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods Two hundred and thirty-six patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomly divided into structured nutrition team (SNT group) and usual nutrition team (UNT group). Patients in UNT group only received usual nutrition education, while those in SNT group received structured nutrition education in addition to usual nutrition education. The clinical biochemical parameters including fasting plasma glucose, postprandial plasma glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin, knowledge of nutrition and parameters of diet behaviors in two groups were analysed at baseline and 6 months after intervention. Results Compared with the baseline, the fasting plasma glucose, postprandial plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, knowledge of nutrition and diet behaviors significantly improved 6 months after intervention in SNT group (P<0.05). Compared with UNT group, SNT group achieved significantly better results in glycosylated hemoglobin, knowledge of nutrition and diet behaviors (P<0.05). Conclusion Structured nutrition education may play a role in the improvement of glycemic control and diet behaviors. Related Articles | Metrics

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Impact of nutrition education through Child-to-Child approach on diet behaviors among preschool children DONG Yuan, WANG Jia-lei, WU Ling-ling, et al 2013, 33 (8):  1135.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2013.08.020 Abstract ( 1151 )   PDF (398KB) ( 1070 )   Objective To investigate the impact of nutrition education through Child-to-Child （CTC）approach on the diet behaviors among preschool children. Methods Two kindergartens in Shanghai were selected as intervention kindergarten and control kindergarten respectively. One hundred and twelve children in higher grade in the intervention kindergarten were served as experiment group, who received nutrition education from kindergarten teachers, and disseminated nutrition knowledge to the other 195 children in lower grade in intervention kindergarten (affected group) through CTC approach. Children in control kindergarten in the same grade were served as experiment group controls (n=74) and affected group controls (n=207) respectively, and no nutrition education intervention was conducted. Self-designed Knowledge-Attitude-Practice (KAP) questionnaire was adopted to evaluate the changes in nutrition and healthy diet knowledge, attitude towards food and nutrition and diet behaviors before and after intervention. Results After intervention, the KAP scores in experiment group and affected group increased to some extent, the pass rates of score of nutrition and healthy diet knowledge significantly increased (P<0.01), and the attitude towards food and nutrition and diet behaviors improved. After intervention, the incidences of picky eating in experiment group and affected group were significantly lower than those in the corresponding controls (P<0.05 for both), the incidences of milk consumption every day in both groups were significantly higher than those in the corresponding controls (P<0.05, P<0.01), and the incidence of having balanced breakfast in affected group was significantly higher than that in affected group controls (P<0.05). Conclusion Application of CTC approach in nutrition education may yield favorable effect and advantage in promoting diet behaviors among preschool children. Related Articles | Metrics

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Literature research on effects of television on diabetes intervention YUAN Jia-jun, ZHAO Lie-bin, QIU Xiao-chun, et al 2013, 33 (8):  1141.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2013.08.021 Abstract ( 826 )   PDF (350KB) ( 1053 )   Objective To study the literatures on diabetes intervention by television, and investigate the effects and trend of modern media on diabetes intervention. Methods PubMed, Engineering Village, Chinese Biological and Medical Database and China National Knowledge Infrastructure were retrieved. The literatures mainly concerned with the effects of television on selfmanagement of diabetes in China and foreign countries, and digital television, interactive television, cable television and closed circuit television were involved. Results Based on the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria, preliminarily 131 literatures were recruited, and finally 12 literatures were subject to analysis. From 1966 to 2012, the application of television in the prevention of diabetes developed from health knowledge dissemination to interactive health behavior intervention, which became available for assessment. Conclusion Interactive television and telemedicine education may play an important role in the prevention of chronic diseases in future. Related Articles | Metrics

Original article (Public health administration)

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Existence of unnecessary hospitalization in in-patient service provision TAO Jing-jing, LUO Cheng-zu, MA Jin 2013, 33 (8):  1146.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2013.08.022 Abstract ( 737 )   PDF (528KB) ( 1030 )   Objective To investigate the existence of unnecessary hospitalization in in-patient service provision, including the proportion of unnecessary admission and unnecessary in-patient days, as well as the distribution of unnecessary in-patient days in the hospitalized stays and in the sample patients. Methods Department of Gynecology and Department of Neurology of Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine were selected as sample. Based on the admissions in 2011, 185 medical records per month were selected from Department of Gynecology, and 100 medical records per month were selected from Department of Neurology. All sample records were selected from patients with admission in December 2011, March 2012 and June 2012. Two nurses conducted the retrospective review of selected records and made the judgments based on the Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol (AEP) criteria. The statistical description of the proportion of unnecessary admission and unnecessary in-patient days was conducted, difference analysis of the proportion of unnecessary days between necessary admission and unnecessary admission was made, and Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient were used to illustrate the distribution of unnecessary days in the sample. Results There were 855 medical records in the sample. The proportion of unnecessary admissions was 14.62%, and that of unnecessary in-patient days was 24.88%. Unnecessary admissions caused more unnecessary days than did necessary admissions, and such differences were statistically significant (P<0.01). Among the successive hospitalized days since admission, the proportion of unnecessary days was gradually higher. Lorenz curve demonstrated that unnecessary days were unevenly distributed among sample patients. Conclusion Unnecessary admissions cause more unnecessary days. Unnecessary days are concentrated among a minority of patients. Short stays do not generate significantly fewer unnecessary days than do longer stays. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of source of interns for standardized resident training in Shanghai CHEN Li, GU Qin-long, MA Jin-jun, et al 2013, 33 (8):  1150.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2013.08.023 Abstract ( 1193 )   PDF (645KB) ( 1377 )   Objective To investigate the implementation of standardized resident training in Shanghai based on the source of interns, and probe the current problems. Methods The basic information of interns for standardized resident training in Shanghai was retrospectively analysed. Results As a whole, the number of interns exhibited a continuous growth by 18.05% year by year. However, the number of interns with master degree decreased by 14.55% yearly. The interns graduated from “985” universities and “211” universities accounted for 56.7%. The number of interns with master degree and doctor degree graduated from “985” universities was significantly bigger than those from “211” universities and ordinary universities （χ2=32.679，P<0.01； χ2=11.583，P<0.05）, while the number of interns with bachelor degree graduated from ordinary universities was significantly bigger than that from “985” universities and “211” universities （χ2=14.307，P<0.01）. The vast majority (87.63%) of interns chose to practise in specialized fields, while only 12.37% took part in general practitioner training. Conclusion The number of interns for standardized resident training is insufficient, the source of interns should be improved, and the number of interns with general practitioner training should be elevated. Related Articles | Metrics

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Survey and analysis of health resources and service situation in hospice care institutions in Shanghai GONG Zhen-ye, CHEN Li-jin 2013, 33 (8):  1155.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2013.08.024 Abstract ( 1694 )   PDF (313KB) ( 1645 )   Objective To investigate the health resources and service situation in hospice care institutions in Shanghai. Methods Two registered hospice care institutions (Geriatric Hospital of Pudong New District and Linfen Road Community Health Service Center of Zhabei District) and one social-funded hospice care institution (Hospice Care Center of Xinhua Hospital) in Shanghai were selected, structured questionnaire and expert consultation were employed for survey, which mainly concerned with equipment, staff, service utilization and management of the institutions, and recognition and suggestions of different people were collected. Results There were 48 appropriative sickbeds in two registered hospice care institutions, and the other one only provided door-to-door outreach clinic services instead of setting up sickbeds. Thirty doctors were engaged in hospice care service, accounting for 3.42% of total doctors, and there were 40 registered nurses, accounting for 2.97% of total nurses. Terminal cancer patients (n=645) accounted for 34.4% of total discharged patients, the average duration of hospital stay was 52.33 d, the average medical cost during hospital stay was 4 620.32 yuan per patient, and the average daily medical cost was 108.87 yuan per patient. Psychological nursing was conducted in all the three institutions, and volunteers were recruited, though the volunteer service was less consistent. Conclusion The hospice care service in Shanghai has not yet formed a systemic network and mode. Along with strengthening the construction of hospice service and personnel training, the notion of hospice care service should be enhanced, which may help to establish the legal support for hospice care service as soon as possible. Related Articles | Metrics

Review

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Research progress of clinical application of dual source CT myocardial perfusion imaging BIN Feng-li, WANG Gao-feng, HU Hong-jie 2013, 33 (8):  1159.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2013.08.025 Abstract ( 1022 )   PDF (320KB) ( 1176 )   In recent years, the incidence of coronary artery disease in China has tended to increase. Early screening of patients with coronary artery disease may lead to the appropriate therapeutic intervention and reduce the incidence of serious adverse cardiac events. Nowadays, the common diagnostic imaging methods include invasive coronary angiography, echocardiography, multi-slice spiral CT, radionuclide imaging and magnetic resonance imaging. With the rapid development of CT imaging technology, in addition to coronary angiography, dual-source CT can conduct stress myocardial perfusion imaging. This “one-stop” examination can obtain coronary anatomical features and myocardial hemodynamic change at the same time, which provides the basis for proper clinical intervention. The research progress of clinical application of dualsource CT myocardial perfusion imaging is reviewed in this paper. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of quality of life and influencing factors in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus WU Xiao-qian, XI Hui-qin,YUAN Xiao-ling, et al 2013, 33 (8):  1163.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2013.08.026 Abstract ( 958 )   PDF (312KB) ( 1081 )   With the continuous development and progress in medical technology, the survival time of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus has been increasing, and the quality of life has become an important indicator in evaluation of clinical treatment and care of systemic lupus erythematosus. The current situation of quality of life in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus is reviewed in this paper, and the effects of disease-related factors (disease activity, pain and fatigue), individual factors (age, gender, educational background and income), psychological status and social support on quality of life are analysed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of c-Met signaling pathway and antagonists SHU Meng-jun, GUO Sheng-rong 2013, 33 (8):  1167.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2013.08.027 Abstract ( 2389 )   PDF (304KB) ( 1809 )   High expression of c-MET and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is frequently found in tumor cells. The activation of c-Met signaling pathway triggers a series of signaling cascade reaction, leads to the growth, proliferation and invasion of tumor cells, and exempts tumor cells from apoptosis. HGF is the ligand of c-Met, and affects the formation of microenvironment of tumor cells. How HGF activates c-Met and the signaling pathway of its downstream components, and how the crosstalk of the signaling pathway mediated by c-Met and the other receptors affects the drug resistance are introduced in this paper. Besides, the research progress of HGF and c-Met signaling pathway inhibitors is also reviewed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress of application of oocyte cryopreservation techniques WANG Yao, DI Wen 2013, 33 (8):  1171.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2013.08.028 Abstract ( 978 )   PDF (409KB) ( 1226 )   Recent advances in vitrification techniques have markedly improved the efficacy of oocyte cryopreservation in terms of oocyte survival and pregnancy as well as live birth rates. However, there is still room for improvement of oocyte vitrification techniques. Remaining challenges include the development of less cytotoxic vitrification solutions and safe vitrification devices. Guided by the principles of cryobiology, it should be noted that the essential element to oocyte survival during the vitrification-thawing procedures is a very high warming rate during thawing. There is no solid evidence to suggest a safety issue when the vitrified oocytes are stored for prolonged periods of time in liquid nitrogen. While recent advances in the efficacy of oocyte vitrification have been positioned by this technology as a standard procedure for female fertility preservation or in the setting of egg donation, long-term follow-up of infants born from this technology remains essential. The research progress of oocyte cryopreservation techniques is reviewed in this paper, including the application and role of vitrification techniques, velocities of freezing and thawing, immature oocyte cryopreservation, oocyte preservation and safety of oocyte cryopreservation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Professional support interventions for breastfeeding during six months postpartum ZHU Yu, WAN Hong-wei, HUANG Rong 2013, 33 (8):  1176.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2013.08.029 Abstract ( 994 )   PDF (449KB) ( 1355 )   World Health Organization(WHO) recommends that infants should be exclusively breastfed in their first six months of life to achieve optimal growth, development and health. The importance of breastfeeding has been recognized by mothers from various countries. However, there still generally exits problems of short time and low rate of exclusive breastfeeding which are seriously below the requirements that WHO has proposed. The domestic and foreign existing professional support interventions to promote exclusive breastfeeding during six months postpartum are reviewed in this paper, in order to provide advice on breastfeeding interventions. Related Articles | Metrics

Technique and method

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Determination of plasma methylglyoxal and glyoxal concentrations in patients with diabetes mellitus by high-performance liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometry KONG Xiang, HUANG Kai, ZHANG Hong-mei, et al 2013, 33 (8):  1182.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2013.08.030 Abstract ( 1286 )   PDF (408KB) ( 1234 )   Objective To develop a high-performance liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method for the determination of plasma methylglyoxal and glyoxal concentrations in patients with diabetes mellitus. Methods HPLC-MS/MS method was employed to measure the plasma methylglyoxal and glyoxal concentrations in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (n=15) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (n=17) and normal subjects (n=10). 2,3-diaminonaphthalene (2,3-DAN) and hexanedione (using as internal standard) were added to plasma samples. After sufficient reaction and precipitation with acetonitrile from the plasma, methylglyoxal-DAN, glyoxal-DAN and hexanedione-DAN were isolated chromatographically on a Hypersil GOLD column (50 mm×2.1 mm, 5 μm). The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid (57∶43, v/v). Electrospray ionization source was applied and operated in the positive ion mode. The transitions of m/z 195.18→m/z 126.25, m/z 181.14→m/z 126.10 and m/z 237.34→m/z 209.34 were used to quantify methylglyoxal-DAN, glyoxal-DAN and hexanedione-DAN respectively. Results The linear calibration curves were obtained in the concentration range of 2-1 000 ng/mL and 50-1 000 ng/mL for methylglyoxal-DAN and glyoxal-DAN respectively. The average recovery rate was more than 70%. The plasma methylglyoxal and glyoxal concentrations in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus were significantly higher than those in normal subjects. Conclusion The established HPLC-MS/MS method is proved to be suitable for determination of plasma methylglyoxal and glyoxal concentrations in patients with diabetes mellitus, which offers advantages of high sensitivity and selectivity. Related Articles | Metrics