| Internet addiction | LIN et al., 2013[14] | 2 731 college students (19.40±3.60; 52.4%) | MES | YBOCS-IU | ↑ Compulsive Internet use |
| RANDLER et al., 2014[17] | 616 college students (20.81±1.97; 27.9%) | CSM | IA Scale | ↑ Internet addiction |
| KANG et al., 2015[13] | 325 adults (20‒49; 48.9%) | MEQ | YIAS | ↑ Incidence of Internet addiction |
| OH et al., 2016[15] | 2 632 college students (19.16±0.91; 48.9%) | CSM | KIAT | ↑ Internet addiction |
| XU et al., 2018[19] | 3 572 college students① (freshmen and juniors; 34.5%) | MES | IAT | ↑ Internet addiction ↑ Incidence of Internet addiction |
| CHUNG et al., 2020[21] | 765 adolescents (15.07±1.36; 60.9%) | MES | YIAS | No significant difference in Internet addiction between different chronotypes |
| KOO et al., 2021[18] | 8 565 high-school students (16.77±0.85; 52.1%) | MEQ | IAPS | ↑ Internet addiction |
PRZEPIORKA et al., 2021[16] | 398 college students (20.37±2.29; 28.9%) | CSM | IAT | ↑ Problematic Internet use mental disorder ↑ Problematic Internet use time management disorder |
| YI et al., 2021[20] | 7 457 college students① [≤17 (15.1%), 18 (64.6%) and ≥19 (20.2%); 53.5%] | MEQ | IAT | ↑ Internet addiction |
| Social media addiction | LIN et al., 2021[25] | 1 791 young adults (27.2±10.1; 30.1%) | rMEQ | BSMAS | ↑ Problematic social media use |
BLACHNIO et al., 2015[22] | 633 Facebook users (20.78±4.80; 35.9%) | CSM | FBI Scale; FIQ | ↑ Intensity and frequency of Facebook usage ↑ Facebook intrusion |
| HORZUM et al., 2022[24] | 981 college students (20.82±2.39; 26.9%) | CSM | FAS | ↑ Facebook addiction |
| Internet gaming addiction | VOLLMER et al., 2014[31] | 741 adolescents (12.89±1.05; 60.2%) | CSM | CGAS | ↑ Computer game usage time ↑ Computer game addiction |
| KÜÇÜKTURAN et al., 2022[30] | 922 high-school students (16.0±1.04; 42.7%) | CSM | CASfA | ↑ Computer game addiction |
| DAĞ et al., 2022[29] | 109 children (9.20±1.45; 49.5%) | CCTQ | CASfC | ↑ Computer game addiction ↑ "Can not give up playing games" subscale scores ↑ "Neglecting responsibilities because of computer games" subscale scores |
| Smartphone addiction | TODA et al., 2015[27] | 182 college students (male: 21.70±2.60, female: 21.0±2.1; 67.0%) | MEQ | MPDQ | ↑ Smartphone dependence |
| RANDLER et al., 2016[36] | 342 younger adolescents (13.39±1.77; 51.5%); 208 older adolescents (17.07±4.28; 29.8%) | CSM | SAPS for younger adolescents; SAS-SV for older adolescents | ↑ Smartphone addiction |
DEMIRHAN et al., 2016[33] | 902 college students (20.42±1.90; 27.0%) | CSM | MPPUS | ↑ Problematic mobile phone usage |
| RANDJELOVIC et al., 2021[35] | 77 college students① (20‒22; both genders) | MEQ | SAS-SV | ↑ Problematic smartphone use |
| BAĞCI et al., 2022[32] | 346 college students (19.60±2.56; 32.7%) | CSM | SAS-SF | ↑ Smartphone addiction |
| KANG et al., 2020[34] | Baseline: 940 college students (19.10±0.90; 36.8%) One-year follow-up: 902 college students (19.10±0.90; 36.5%) | rMEQ | MPIQ | ↑ Mobile phone involvement ↑ Mobile phone addiction behaviors |
| LI et al., 2022[37] | 999 college students (18.80±1.20; 37.7%) | MEQ | SQAPMPU | ↑ Score trajectories of problematic mobile phone use |