Objective To investigate the incidence and the major risk factors of adult chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Yuzhong District, Chongqing. Methods Residents over 20 years old in Yuzhong district, Chongqing were randomly selected by the hierarchical multistage cluster sampling method and questionnaire surveys were conducted. The indicators of renal damages and the relevant risk factors were examined. The relationships between the detected results of indicators of renal damage (albuminous urine and hematuria), renal functions, and type-B ultrasonic tests and relevant risk factors (age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia) were analyzed by the SAS 9.2. Results A total of 3 527 residents were investigated and 3 432 of whom were examined and returned valid questionnaires. The prevalence rates of proteinuria, hematuria, and reduced renal function [eGFR＜60 mL/(min·1.73 m²)] were 6.09%, 2.71%, and 3.41%, respectively. The rate of abnormal kidneys detected by the type-B ultrasonic tests was 6.59%. The detection rate of CKD of residents was 10.31% after removing duplications of positive albuminous urine, positive hematuria, reduced renal function, and abnormal kidneys detected by the type-B ultrasonic tests. The results of multiple Logistic regression analysis suggested that the age, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia were relevant risk factors of CKD. Conclusion The prevalence of CKD of residents over 20 years old in Yuzhong District, Chongqing is similar to other large cities of China and developed countries. CKD has been a major public health problem that endangers the health of residents and attention should be paid to the early diagnose and treatment of CKD.