Neuronal death is thought to be irreversible. In optic nerve-related diseases, the death and axonal loss of retinal ganglion cells could leadto irreversible visual impairment. A large number of studies support the hypothesis that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), onceactivatedparticular ligands, could have a potential neuroprotective effect on the peripheral organs and the central nervous system suffering acuteor chronic injury. Optic nerve belongs to the extension of white matter in the central nervous system and shares similar pathophysiological processes with the central nervous system, which makes PPARs a hot spot in the field of optic nerve protection. This paper reviewed the effect of PPARs in optic nerve protection and its possible mechanism.