Objective · To analyze and compare the clinical value of serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) with glycated albumin (GA) combined with fasting plasma glucose (FPG), respectively, in screening diabetes mellitus in Chinese population at the risk of diabetes mellitus. Methods · A total of 701 subjects with high risk of diabetes were enrolled in this study, including 324 males and 377 females. All subjects underwent 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Diabetes was diagnosed according to the cut-off points of 2010 American Diabetes Association standards. The sensitivity, specificity and area under ROC curve (AUC) of GA combined with FPG and 1,5-AG combined with FPG in screening diabetes mellitus were analyzed. Results · Among 701 subjects, 350 (49.93%) cases were diagnosed as having diabetes mellitus. The sensitivity, specificity, and AUC of 1,5-AG combined with FPG were 84.29%, 91.45% and 0.939, respectively. The sensitivity of GA combined with FPG was 77.71%, and the specificity and AUC were 90.88% and 0.932, respectively. There was no significant difference in AUC between the two screening methods (P>0.05), but the sensitivity of 1,5-AG combined with FPG was higher than that of GA combined with FPG (P0.001). The proportion of the subjects in need of further OGTT judged1,5-AG combined with FPG was 27.82%, which was 11.27% lower than that judgedFPG alone, and 2.57% lower than that judgedGA combined with FPG. Conclusion · In Chinese population with high risk of diabetes mellitus, serum 1,5-AG or GA combined with FPG can improve the efficiency of diabetes screening. Compared with GA combined with FPG, 1,5-AG combined with FPG may have more clinical value.