The changes of vascular endothelial function are closely related to the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Cardiovascular diseases caused by vascular endothelial dysfunction are the common complications of CKD, and are important causes of mortality in patients with CKD. Based on the control of primary diseases, antioxidant drugs that ameliorate the vascular endothelial injury are now applied in the treatment of vascular endothelial dysfunction. The improvement of vascular endothelial function brought by dialysis is limited to some extent due to many influencing factors. New strategies such as gene therapy and cell transplantation, together with treatment available, may improve function and regeneration of vascular endothelial cells, reduce cardiovascular events, and decrease the mortality of patients with CKD.