Diabetes is a common disease that poses great threat to human health. At present, insulin replacement therapy remains the main treatment. In recent years, pancreatic beta cell transplantation has demonstrated potential prospect in treatment of type 1 diabetes, however, it is an important issue in clinical application on the non-invasive monitoring of in vivo pancreatic beta cell transplantation. Radionuclide molecular imaging technology, which has been developing rapidly with high sensitivity and specificity, has been widely applied in monitoring pancreatic beta cell transplantation, and has demonstrated favorable prospect in application.