Molecular imaging is a new interdisciplinary technology, which characterizes and measures biological processes of live animals, animal model systems, and human bodies at cell and molecule levels by external imaging detection devices. Image processing and analysis technique is a general term for image processing and analysis algorithm techniques, which adopts methods of pattern recognition, artificial intelligence, and computer graphics field to extract features of digital medical images, quantitatively describe image features and molecular imaging, describe digital features of molecular imaging by mathematical models, reveal the processes and rules of life phenomena, and predict trends of development. This paper reviews 2 602 papers published between 2010 and 2013 by major journals and academic institutions of the molecular imaging field and summarizes the development and application of image processing and analysis techniques in the study of molecular imaging.