正常精子发生起始于精原干细胞（spermatogonial stem cell，SSC）。SSC是具有自我更新与分化潜能的生殖干细胞，在多种生长因子、微环境和自身信号调控下最终分化为精子。SSC自我更新相关的分子包括胶质细胞来源神经生长因子、成纤维细胞生长因子及其下游信号通路、转录因子和表观调控因子等；SSC分化相关的分子包括视黄酸、多种转录因子及表观调控因子等。SSC自我更新与分化的机制研究，对于深入理解精子发生及男性精子发生障碍性不育的诊治有重要意义。该文就近几年SSC自我更新与分化调控相关的外源性因子、转录因子及表观调控因子等进行综述。

Spermatogenesis originates spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). SSCs can continually renew and eventually differentiate into spermatozoa under control of various growth factors, microenvironments and self-signaling. The molecules involved in SSCs self-renewal include glial cell-derived nerve growth factor, fibroblast growth factor and downstream signaling pathways, as well as the transcription factors and the epigenetic regulators. Molecules related to SSCs differentiation include retinoic acid, a variety of transcription factors and the eptigenetic regulatory factors. The research on the mechanism of SSCs self-renewal and differentiation is of great significance for the understanding of spermatogenesis and the diagnosis and treatment of male infertility. This review summarized the exogenous factors, transcription factors, and epigenetic regulators that are involved in the regulation of SSCs self-renewal and differentiation in recent years.