上海交通大学学报(医学版), 2023, 43(12): 1542-1547 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2023.12.009

论著 · 临床研究

PetCO2监测型鼻咽通气道在阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者胃镜精查麻醉中的应用研究

吴雷,1, 夏一梦,2

1.河南省许昌市中心医院麻醉科,许昌 461000

2.上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院麻醉科,上海 200025

Anesthetic application of PetCO2 monitoring nasopharyngeal airway to magnifying endoscopy in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

WU Lei,1, XIA Yimeng,2

1.Department of Anesthesiology, Xuchang Central Hospital of Henan Province, Xuchang 461000, China

2.Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China

通讯作者: 夏一梦,电子信箱:49244046@qq.com

编委: 邢宇洋

收稿日期: 2023-06-30   接受日期: 2023-10-30  

Corresponding authors: XIA Yimeng, E-mail:49244046@qq.com.

Received: 2023-06-30   Accepted: 2023-10-30  

作者简介 About authors

吴雷(1979—),男,副主任医师,学士;电子信箱:33763602@qq.com。 E-mail:33763602@qq.com

摘要

目的·探究PetCO2监测型鼻咽通气道在阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(obstructive sleep apnea syndrome,OSAS)患者无痛胃镜精查中的预防缺氧的效果。方法·选择2023年2—6月于河南省许昌市中心医院择期行胃镜精查麻醉的OSAS患者80例,随机将其分为PetCO2监测型鼻咽通气道组(T组)和传统鼻咽通气道组(B组),每组40例。收集并比较2组患者的一般资料、围术期相关资料及麻醉用药量。观察2组患者麻醉前(T0)、麻醉后入镜时(T1)、入镜3 min(T2)、入镜10 min(T3)和退镜时(T4)的收缩压(systolic blood pressure,SBP)、舒张压(diastolic blood pressure,DBP)、心率(heart rate,HR)和脉搏血氧饱和度(pulse oxygen saturation,SpO2),并记录体动和低氧血症发生率以及其预防缺氧的效果(面罩加压给氧率、托下颌率和挤压胸廓辅助呼吸率)。结果·患者一般资料、围术期相关资料和麻醉用药量的组间差异均无统计学意义。在T1和T2时,T组患者的SpO2高于B组(T1:P=0.041;T2:P=0.012),SBP、DBP和HR的组间差异无统计学意义;而在其余时间点,患者的该4个指标的组间差异亦均无统计学意义。与B组比较,T组患者的体动发生率、低氧血症发生率、面罩加压给氧率、托下颌率和挤压胸廓辅助呼吸率均较低(均P=0.000)。结论·PetCO2监测型鼻咽通气道有利于实时观察OSAS患者在胃镜精查麻醉中的肺通气状态,并能够及时指导临床进行干预,降低术中低氧血症的发生率,从而提高麻醉的安全性。

关键词: PetCO2监测型鼻咽通气道 ; 胃镜精查 ; 阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停综合征 ; 低氧血症 ; 麻醉安全性

Abstract

Objective ·To investigate the anesthetic effect of PetCO2 monitoring nasopharyngeal airway on preventing hypoxia in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) during magnifying endoscopy. Methods ·Eighty OSAS patients who underwent magnifying endoscopy anesthesia in Xuchang Central Hospital of Henan Province from February to June 2023 were randomly divided into PetCO2 monitoring nasopharyngeal airway group (group T) and traditional nasopharyngeal airway group (group B), with 40 cases in each group. General information, perioperative data and total anesthetic dosage of the two groups of patients were collected and compared. The systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR) and pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2) of the two groups of patients before anesthesia (T0), at the time of entering the endoscopy (T1), 3 min after entering the endoscopy (T2), 10 min after entering the endoscopy (T3) and at the end of endoscopy (T4) were observed and recorded, respectively. The incidence of body movement and hypoxemia, and the effects of preventing hypoxia (including mask ventilation, jaw-lift support and chest compressions to assist breath) of the two groups of patients were recorded. Results ·There were no significant differences in general information, perioperative data and total anesthetic dosage between the two groups. At T1 and T2, SpO2 in group T was higher than that in group B (T1: P=0.041,T2: P=0.012), and there was no statistically significant difference in SBP, DBP and HR between the groups; at other time points, there was no statistically significant difference in the four indicators between the two groups. Compared with group B, the incidences of body movement, hypoxemia, mask ventilation, jaw-lift support and chest compressions to assist breath in group T were all decreased (all P=0.000). Conclusion ·PetCO2 monitoring nasopharyngeal airway can reduce the incidence of hypoxia during magnifying endoscopy in patients with OSAS, with minimal adverse events. Also, it can detect the status of lung ventilation in time, guide clinical intervention, reduce complications and improve the safety of magnifying endoscopy anesthesia.

Keywords: PetCO2 monitoring nasopharyngeal airway ; magnifying endoscopy ; obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) ; hypoxemia ; anesthesia safety

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吴雷, 夏一梦. PetCO2监测型鼻咽通气道在阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者胃镜精查麻醉中的应用研究. 上海交通大学学报(医学版)[J], 2023, 43(12): 1542-1547 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2023.12.009

WU Lei, XIA Yimeng. Anesthetic application of PetCO2 monitoring nasopharyngeal airway to magnifying endoscopy in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Medical Science)[J], 2023, 43(12): 1542-1547 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2023.12.009

近年来,胃镜精查越来越多地被应用于临床,它是通过白光胃镜检查发现患者上消化道(食管、胃、十二指肠)中所有可能的小病灶,并对不易区分性质的可疑病灶分别行化学染色、电子染色、光学/电子放大、靶向活检等,从而明确病灶性质的一项内镜检查新技术;该技术可提高早期胃癌的诊断率,是胃癌早期诊断的一项重大突破1。相比普通胃镜检查,胃镜精查的耗时较长(如发现可疑病变可能更久)且术中气道管理更为困难。

阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(obstructive sleep apnea syndrome,OSAS)是一种常见的睡眠呼吸障碍疾病,以睡眠期间因咽腔狭窄导致的呼吸暂停和低通气为特征。在耗时较长的胃镜检查中,患者因上呼吸道解剖位置狭窄、局部软组织塌陷增强、内镜医师占用口咽通气道等情况给其气道管理带来了一定的困难2-3,同时呼吸不良事件的发生风险也更高。

呼气末二氧化碳分压(end-tidal carbondioxide partial pressure,PetCO2)监测型鼻咽通气道是一种新型的气道管理工具,在无法使用面罩时,其可以被连接到麻醉机代替面罩进行机械通气。本文旨在评估PetCO2监测型鼻咽通气道预防OSAS患者无痛胃镜精查术中缺氧的有效性,以期为临床麻醉安全提供新方法。

1 对象与方法

1.1 研究对象、分组及其资料收集

选取2023年2—6月于河南省许昌市中心医院消化内镜中心接受胃镜精查的OSAS患者80例,其中男性63例、女性17例,年龄为27~65岁,体质量为75~120 kg。入组标准:①根据美国麻醉医师协会(American Society of Anesthesiology,ASA)分级标准,为Ⅰ~Ⅱ级。②拟非气管插管全身麻醉下行胃镜精查(经五官科明确诊断为OSAS的患者)。③年龄≥18周岁。排除标准:①有相关麻醉药物过敏史。②患精神系统疾病。③近期有呼吸道感染病史。④有鼻咽部疾患。⑤有凝血功能障碍史。

依据随机数表,将入组的OSAS患者分为PetCO2监测型鼻咽通气道组(T组)和传统鼻咽通气道组(B组),每组40例。收集2组患者的一般资料[包括年龄、性别、体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)、ASA分级和Mallampati分级程度]、围术期相关资料(包括麻醉时间、手术时间、苏醒时间和补液量)和麻醉用药量(包括丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼的用量)。

1.2 麻醉方法

术前,所有患者禁食8 h、禁饮6 h。入室后即对患者开放左上肢外周静脉,留置22G静脉针,连接五导联心电图;同时,对患者右上臂连接无创血压进行测量,左拇指连接氧饱和度探头进行监测。于侧卧位,待患者安静5 min后(即麻醉前T0时),测量其收缩压(systolic blood pressure,SBP)、舒张压(diastolic blood pressure,DBP)、心率(heart rate,HR)和脉搏血氧饱和度(pulse oxygen saturation,SpO2),作为患者的基线值。

所有患者均由同一消化内镜团队操作和同一麻醉团队实施麻醉。分别对2组患者的鼻腔进行清洁,嘱患者左侧卧位。静脉注射瑞芬太尼0.2~0.3 μg/kg和丙泊酚1.5~2.0 mg/kg,并经鼻插入相应鼻咽通气道持续给氧,流量为3~4 L/min。T组患者的鼻咽通气道侧端连接PetCO2采样管,监测患者的PetCO2、SpO2的数值和PetCO2波形,并实施呼吸管理:①当患者的PetCO2值高于其术前基线值5 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)及以上时,考虑为肺通气不足,予以挤压胸廓辅助呼吸、减浅麻醉等处理。②当患者PetCO2波形陡直上升支变得平坦且PetCO2值低于术前基线值5 mmHg及以上时,考虑为呼吸道有梗阻,予以托下颌处理。③当PetCO2波形突然消失时,考虑为呼吸暂停,予以挤压胸廓辅助呼吸处理。④当SpO2≤80%时,予以紧急面罩加压通气,直到SpO2恢复至术前水平。B组患者给予传统的鼻咽通气道:①当SpO2≤95%时,予以托下颌处理。②当SpO2≤90%时,予以托下颌和挤压胸廓辅助呼吸处理。③当SpO2≤80%时,予以紧急面罩加压通气,直到SpO2恢复至术前水平4-5

1.3 观察指标

分别观察并记录2组患者在不同麻醉时期[即麻醉前(T0)、麻醉后入镜时(T1)、入镜3 min(T2)、入镜10 min(T3)和退镜时(T4)]的血流动力学指标(SBP、DBP、HR和SpO2)数值,记录2组患者在检查过程中给予不同鼻咽通气道后的体动和低氧血症发生率(SpO2≤90%)以及其预防缺氧的效果(包括面罩加压给氧率、托下颌率和挤压胸廓辅助呼吸率)。

1.4 统计学方法

采用SPSS 21.0统计学软件进行数据分析。定量资料用x±s表示,采用t检验进行比较;定性资料用频数(百分率)表示,采用χ2检验进行比较。P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 患者一般资料、围术期相关资料和麻醉用药量比较

对2组患者的一般资料进行比较,结果(表1)显示一般资料中所有指标的组间差异均无统计学意义。

表 1   2组患者的一般资料比较

Tab 1  Comparison of general information between the two groups

ItemGroup B (n=40)Group T (n=40)P value
Age/year44.55±9.2145.35±9.190.350
Gender (male/female)/n31/932/80.792
BMI/(kg·m-2)30.93±1.9030.78±2.060.369
ASA classification (Ⅰ/Ⅱ)/n5/3510/300.152
Mallampati classification (Ⅰ/Ⅱ/Ⅲ/Ⅳ) /n5/15/19/18/11/20/10.718

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对2组患者的围术期相关资料和麻醉用药量进行比较,结果(表2)显示上述资料的组间差异亦均无统计学意义。

表 2   2组患者的围术期相关资料和麻醉用药量比较

Tab 2  Comparison of perioperative data and anesthetic dosage between the two groups

ItemGroup B (n=40)Group T (n=40)P value
Perioperative data
Anesthesia duraion/min25.08±3.2423.85±3.820.061
Surgery duration/min23.78±3.3222.50±3.820.063
Recovery duration/min8.28±1.876.65±1.890.069
Total fluid volume/mL242.50±50.07248.75±56.030.312
Anesthetic dosage
Propofol/mg420.65±44.98406.35±47.190.081
Remifentanyl/μg19.73±4.9319.50±4.770.407

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2.2 患者在不同麻醉时间点的生命体征分析

对2组患者不同麻醉时期时间点(T0、T1、T2、T3和T4)的SBP、DBP、HR和SpO2进行分析,结果(表3)显示:在T1和T2时,T组患者的SpO2高于B组(T1:P=0.041;T2:P=0.012);在其余时间点(T0、T3和T4),2组患者的SBP、DBP、HR和SpO2的组间差异均无统计学意义。

表3   2组患者不同麻醉时间点的血流动力学指标比较

Tab 3  Comparison of hemodynamic indicators between the two groups of patients at different time points of anesthesia

TimeItemGroup B (n=40)Group T (n=40)P value
T0SBP/mmHg142.35±8.47144.33±7.740.140
DBP/mmHg77.85±9.1880.18±6.550.110
HR/(beat·min-1)77.95±6.9476.71±6.710.221
SpO2/%97.75±0.4497.73±0.450.413
T1SBP/mmHg125.61±6.24125.35±5.890.431
DBP/mmHg72.13±5.6373.68±4.860.090
HR/(beat·min-1)72.80±6.7172.88±6.220.480
SpO2/%93.65±1.6794.28±1.480.041
T2SBP/mmHg124.20±6.30123.73±5.660.363
DBP/mmHg69.23±7.4569.75±5.890.360
HR/(beat·min-1)69.83±5.7770.05±5.580.434
SpO2/%92.53±1.8493.33±1.330.012
T3SBP/mmHg119.23±4.20119.03±4.620.422
DBP/mmHg70.60±7.4168.20±5.930.063
HR/(beat·min-1)73.70±6.0371.48±7.010.071
SpO2/%94.18±2.1294.05±1.660.390
T4SBP/mmHg122.85±4.93122.73±4.970.460
DBP/mmHg68.30±6.0169.13±6.310.281
HR/(beat·min-1)73.88±5.7374.48±5.680.322
SpO2/%98.38±0.7498.30±0.880.341

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2.3 胃镜精查过程中的干预比较

对2组患者的体动发生率、面罩加压给氧率、托下颌率、挤压胸廓辅助呼吸率和低氧血症发生率进行比较,结果(表4)显示上述指标的组间差异均具有统计学意义(均P=0.000)。

表 4   2组患者术中体动发生率、低氧血症发生率以及预防缺氧效果的比较

Tab 4  Comparison of the incidence of body movement and hypoxemia and the effects of preventing hypoxia between the two groups

ItemGroup B (n=40)Group T (n=40)P value
Mask ventilation/n(%)25 (62.5)10 (25.0)0.000
Jaw-lift support/n(%)37 (92.5)19 (47.5)0.000
Chest compressions to assist breath/n(%)30 (75.0)12 (30.0)0.000
Hypoxemia/n(%)34 (85.0)15 (37.5)0.000
Body movement/n(%)19 (47.5)6 (15.0)0.000

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3 讨论

为提高镜检的可行性、精准性和速度,增加患者的依从性和舒适性,无痛胃镜技术已被广泛应用于临床6。其中,胃镜精查通过精细的检查来提高早癌的检出率,从而为进一步的胃镜下治疗做准备。因此,存在胃癌、食管癌家族史的患者,患有萎缩性胃炎、肠上皮化生、异型增生(不典型增生及瘤变)、胃息肉、胃食管溃疡、残胃炎、Barrett食管等胃食管癌前疾病或癌前病变的患者,均需行精细的胃镜检查17。相比普通胃镜(检查时长平均约5 min),胃镜精查除能够放大观察外,还可对可疑部位行化学染色检查等,耗时会更长。因此,胃镜精查需要麻醉医师的密切配合,这不仅有利于内镜医师的仔细观察,也可避免患者因检查时间较长而增加痛苦。

OSAS是一种在睡眠过程中出现呼吸道堵塞或狭窄而引起的一系列严重现象的疾病8-9。临床研究10发现,OSAS被认为是内镜下发生缺氧的独立危险因素。在无痛胃镜(尤其是耗时普遍较长的胃镜精查)中,麻醉医师对于因上呼吸道解剖性位置狭窄、局部软组织塌陷增强、内镜医师占用口咽通气道的患者行气道管理非常困难。目前,临床常用的气道管理方法是经鼻导管吸氧法。而有报道发现,经鼻高流量氧疗虽能降低普通患者在无痛胃镜检查中缺氧的发生率,但对OSAS患者的改善通气的作用相对有限11-12

鼻咽通气道(nasopharyngeal airway,NPA)是一种简易、价廉、高效的通气装置,主要用于解除由舌后坠等导致的上呼吸道梗阻13。本研究采用的是侧端可直接连接PetCO2采样管的新型鼻咽通气道,具有以下优势:①该鼻咽通气道置入后可有效解除由麻醉药物导致的上呼吸道梗阻,以改善患者通气。②该鼻咽通气道前端开口对位于声门口14,侧端直接连接PetCO2采样管,可基本保证呼吸气体通过鼻咽通气管排出,以减少呼出气泄露和CO2稀释,从而使PetCO2监测的准确性更高。③与同型号气管导管内径相同,侧端直接连接PetCO2采样管不易引起采样管的扭曲和堵塞。因此,使用该法可模拟紧闭式呼吸环路中的PetCO2监测,动态反映PaCO2变化及患者通气情况。

本研究采用PetCO2监测型鼻咽通气道联合全凭静脉麻醉方案,其中麻醉药物主要为丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼,该2种药物的联合使用可增强镇静、镇痛效果,减少单一药物的用量及不良反应的发生。但对于老年、肥胖、合并心脑血管及需长时间治疗的患者,在胃肠镜检查过程中上述联合方案极易使患者出现无法纠正的呼吸抑制和低氧血症,若未及时发现,将会严重影响内镜医师的检查操作甚至危及患者生命15

PetCO2凭借无创、高敏、连续、简便、直观等优点,被ASA定义为麻醉期间的基本监测指标之一。PetCO2监测能即时、直观地显示患者的肺通气情况16,可在SpO2下降之前发现呼吸暂停和低通气状态, 并鉴别出通气异常的原因(包括呼吸频率、呼吸幅度、呼吸暂停或者气道梗阻),进而可对患者行早期干预,降低不良事件的发生,提高操作诊疗的安全性5。目前,在非气管插管全麻保留自主呼吸的患者中,常采用鼻导管对PetCO2进行监测,但该法易发生PetCO2采样管阻塞及扭曲、呼出气体漏气及数值稀释等,从而会影响监测的准确性16

本研究发现,PetCO2监测型鼻咽通气道能即时发现术中患者的呼吸异常事件,并通过干预治疗如增加面罩加压给氧、托下颌和挤压胸廓辅助呼吸次数,以降低低氧血症的发生率;继而也表明了PetCO2监测在消化内镜麻醉中的重要性。另外,入镜3 min(T2)时T组患者的SpO2较B组高,考虑到这可能与PetCO2实时监测值能及时对T组患者进行干预有关,同时也表明此麻醉方案对于存在气道梗阻的OSAS患者更为合适。

本研究存在一定的局限性:①本研究的对象为在消化内镜中心接受胃镜精查的OSAS门诊患者,由于门诊患者多为ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,使得ASAⅢ级及以上的危重患者因无法在门诊就诊而未被纳入。②由于是门诊胃镜检查,考虑到患者周转率等,暂未将麻醉深度监测和伤害刺激监测指标纳入研究。③纳入的样本量偏少。

综上,PetCO2监测型鼻咽通气道联合全凭静脉麻醉方案可达到镇静、镇痛和对循环呼吸功能稳定的效果,有利于麻醉医师对患者呼吸状态的实时监测,可有效预防OSAS患者在无痛胃镜精查中的缺氧发生率。本研究结果提示,该方式可提高胃镜精查麻醉安全性,值得临床应用及推广。

作者贡献声明

夏一梦负责试验设计,吴雷负责试验数据的收集,夏一梦、吴雷对论文进行写作和修改。所有作者均阅读并同意了最终稿件的提交。

AUTHOR's CONTRIBUTIONS

The study was designed by XIA Yimeng. The experimental data were collected by WU Lei. The manuscript was drafted and revised by XIA Yimeng and WU Lei. Both authors have read the last version of paper and consented for submission.

利益冲突声明

所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。

COMPETING INTERESTS

Both authors disclose no relevant conflict of interests.

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