慢性乙型肝炎(chronic hepatitis B,CHB)是由乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)持续感染所致的一种传染性疾病,在世界范围内有较高的流行率。非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)是除酒精和其他肝损伤因素以外,一组与代谢异常相关的肝脏疾病。近年来,随着人们生活水平的提高和生活方式的改变,NAFLD发病率逐年升高,已成为中国以及西方国家最常见的肝脏疾病,同时也是西方国家肝移植的第二大原因。NAFLD患病率的升高导致了慢性HBV感染合并NAFLD的发病率也随之升高。但目前国内外对此2种疾病之间的关系,包括NAFLD对HBV感染者疾病演变、发病机制,以及抗病毒疗效的影响及预后争议较多,且目前国内外指南均未对其诊疗方案进行详细描述。该文归纳总结了近年来HBV感染合并NAFLD的相关研究进展,包括HBV感染合并NAFLD的流行病学、诊断标准,HBV感染合并NAFLD对乙型肝炎病毒学的影响,NAFLD对HBV负性抑制的可能机制,HBV感染合并NAFLD对抗病毒治疗效果的影响以及HBV感染者合并NAFLD的预后,以期进一步深入认识疾病本身,并为基础研究、临床研究及诊疗方案提供新思路。
关键词:乙型肝炎病毒
;
慢性乙型肝炎
;
非酒精性脂肪性肝病
;
抗病毒治疗
;
肝癌
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is an infectious disease caused by persistent infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and is highly prevalent worldwide. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a group of liver diseases related to metabolic abnormalities, excluding those caused by alcohol consumption or other liver injury factors. In recent years, with improvement of living standards and changes in lifestyle, the incidence of NAFLD has been increasing substantially, becoming the most common type of liver diseases in China and Western countries, and the second leading cause of liver transplantation in the West. The rising prevalence of NAFLD has also led to an increase in the incidence of NAFLD in patients with chronic HBV infection. However, there is considerable controversy both domestically and internationally regarding the relationship between these two diseases, including the disease progression, pathogenesis, impact on antiviral treatment efficacy, and prognosis of these concomitant CHB and NAFLD patients. Currently, both domestic and international guidelines lack detailed descriptions of diagnostic and treatment strategies for these conditions. This article summarizes the recent research progress in concomitant CHB and NAFLD, including epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, the impact of NAFLD on the virology of HBV infection, potential mechanisms of NAFLD-induced negative regulation of HBV, the effect of NAFLD on antiviral therapy efficacy, and prognosis. This article aims to gain a deeper understanding of the diseases themselves and provide new insights for basic and clinical research as well as diagnostic and treatment approaches.
BENEDICK Jun Er Chin, SON Peng, 张亦凡, 王俊青, 郭斯敏. 非酒精性脂肪性肝病对乙型肝炎病毒感染影响的研究进展. 上海交通大学学报(医学版)[J], 2023, 43(12): 1585-1590 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2023.12.015
BENEDICK Jun Er Chin, SON Peng, ZHANG Yifan, WANG Junqing, GUO Simin. Research progress of the impact of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease on chronic hepatitis B infection. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Medical Science)[J], 2023, 43(12): 1585-1590 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2023.12.015
慢性乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染是指乙型肝炎表面抗原(hepatitis B surface antigen,HBsAg)和/或HBV DNA阳性持续6个月或以上;HBV持续感染引起的慢性炎症性肝脏疾病,即为慢性乙型肝炎(chronic hepatitis B,CHB)。非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)是除酒精和临床已明确的其他肝损伤因素以外,一组以弥漫性肝细胞大泡性脂肪变性为主要特征的临床病理综合征。其疾病谱包括非酒精性脂肪肝(non-alcoholic fatty liver,NAFL)和非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,NASH)。NAFLD的发病机制未明,肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、2型糖尿病、血脂紊乱等代谢因素都是NAFLD发生和进展的危险因素,故有专家提出,将NAFLD更名为代谢相关脂肪性肝病(metabolic associated fatty liver disease,MAFLD)[1]。HBV感染和NAFLD均为世界各地慢性肝病的主要原因,同时患有此两种疾病的患者较多,CHB感染合并NAFLD已成为当今肝脏疾病在临床诊疗和基础研究中的焦点及难点。
目前一些研究认为肝脂肪病变程度与血清HBV DNA载量呈反比,与HBsAg清除率呈正比。HU等[9]的动物实验研究结果表明,在感染HBV的小鼠中,合并NAFLD的小鼠比单纯HBV感染的小鼠具有更低的HBV DNA、HBsAg以及乙型肝炎e抗原(hepatitis B e antigen,HBeAg)水平。CEYLAN等[10]的研究也表明,HBV感染合并NAFLD的患者,其HBV DNA水平更低(OR=0.995,95%CI 0.990~0.999,P=0.025)。然而亦有研究持不同意见。在分析了270例慢性乙型肝炎患者的临床和病理资料后,郑伟等[11]的研究提示,肝脂肪变性与CHB患者血清中的HBeAg和HBV DNA无相关性;2组患者的肝组织切片经免疫组织化学酶标聚合物(labeled dextran polymer,LDP)法染色,结果显示,HBsAg和乙型肝炎病毒核心抗原(hepatitis B virus core antigen,HBcAg)的表达比例差异亦无统计学意义。尽管不少研究表明CHB患者合并NAFLD,与HBV复制呈负相关,但在伴随NAFLD的情况下,CHB患者的总体预后是较差的[12]。因此,NAFLD影响HBV在体内复制及清除的机制未有明确结论前,应避免产生“合并NAFLD对于HBV感染者有益”这一误解。因为尽管合并NAFLD可能对HBV感染者其HBV病毒相关血清标志物有一定影响,使其病毒学指标可能低于非合并NAFLD的HBV感染者,但NAFLD仍是肝功能异常、肝纤维化及肝脏恶性病变的危险因素,是不良临床结局的预测因子之一。
4 NAFLD对HBV负性抑制的可能机制
尽管不少研究表明NAFLD对于HBV病毒复制有负性抑制作用,但其机制尚不明确,目前有下述几种推测。
4.1 肝脂肪变性激活免疫应答
目前,对于NAFLD如何抑制HBV病毒复制的机制尚不清楚,可能与免疫应答的激活相关。在对肥胖个体的研究[13]中发现,脂多糖、饱和脂肪酸(尤其是棕榈酸)等可以通过髓样分化因子88(myeloid differentiation factor 88,MyD88)介导的信号通路诱导Toll样受体-4(Toll like receptor 4,TLR)以及固有免疫应答激活,导致HBV病毒复制被抑制。因此推测肝脂肪变性可通过TLR途径重新激活细胞免疫对肝脏的细胞毒作用,同时通过改变肝脏的微环境抑制HBV的复制。
除上述2种观点外,还有一些学者则认为,合并NAFLD并不影响CHB患者的抗病毒治疗效果。CEYLAN等[10]的研究发现,合并NAFLD不影响接受恩替卡韦和替诺福韦治疗的患者的病毒学应答。在2023年亚太肝病协会(Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver,APASL)年会上,我国学者[24]报告了对近年来相关研究的meta分析结果,结果也同样提示,长期随访中,合并与不合并NAFLD的CHB患者抗病毒治疗反应(包括48周和96周时的生化学指标、病毒学指标及HBeAg血清转换率)无明显差异。
这些研究结果及结论的差异可能与缺乏统一的抗病毒药物疗效评价体系以及不同的研究群体有关。基于NAFLD是肝硬化及肝癌的重要危险因素,目前的主流观点一致:对于CHB合并NAFLD的患者,应尽早进行抗病毒治疗,同时积极干预NAFLD的进展,以降低其对抗病毒治疗的潜在负面影响。在临床实践中,应采取可操作的策略,如控制体脂、血脂和血糖水平,处理可能存在的合并症,调整饮食结构,采用适宜的运动方式控制身体质量指数(body mass index,BMI),以达到最佳的治疗效果。同时,也正是因为近年来在关于NAFLD合并HBV感染者抗病毒治疗效果的临床实践与研究中存在较大争议,使得该领域成为国内外学者研究的热门领域之一。目前国内外均有NAFLD合并HBV感染相关的临床试验正在进行中。
目前NAFLD在促进CHB相关的肝纤维化、肝硬化和HCC中的作用机制仍不清楚。原因之一是NAFLD可能会加重HBV感染所导致的炎症和纤维化损伤。例如,受损的肝细胞可能会释放出炎性细胞因子[例如白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor α,TNF-α)],导致肝星状细胞的活化和增殖,进而引起肝纤维化和肝硬化[12]。同样,IL-6和TNF-α也可通过JNK/核转录因子κB(nuclear factor κB,NF-κB)和酪氨酸蛋白激酶(Janus activated kinase,JAK)/转录激活因子3(signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,STAT3)通路促进HCC的发展。此外,NAFLD相关的脂毒性也可能是导致HCC的原因之一[31]。NAFLD相关的脂毒性可以引起内质网应激:环磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophosphate,cAMP)反应元件结合蛋白H(responsive element-binding protein H,CREBH)的激活造成原癌基因的表达和肝细胞的过度增殖,对促进HCC的发生具有关键作用。不饱和脂肪酸还可通过激活哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)/NF-κB复合物,导致肝细胞内的抑癌基因(phosphatase and tensin homolog,PTEN)受抑制,进而促进HCC的发生[32]。总体来说,炎性反应和氧化应激可改变肝脏内微环境,加速肝硬化和HCC的进展。因此,尽管学术界在合并NAFLD对CHB患者抗病毒治疗效果的影响上有一定争议,但在合并NAFLD对HBV感染者预后的影响上观点却十分一致,即合并NAFLD的CHB患者更容易发生疾病进展(成为肝硬化和/或肝癌)。
Benedick Jun Er CHIN、SON Peng负责文献检索和论文写作;郭斯敏参与选题设计;郭斯敏、王俊青、Benedick Jun Er CHIN、SON Peng、张亦凡参与论文修改。所有作者均阅读并同意了最终稿件的提交。
AUTHOR's CONTRIBUTIONS
This study information was retrieved by Benedick Jun Er CHIN and SON Peng. The topic selection and design were carried out by GUO Simin. The manuscript was revised by GUO Simin, WANG Junqing Benedick Jun Er CHIN, SON Peng and ZHANG Yifan. All the authors have read the last version of paper and consented for submission.
利益冲突声明
所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。
COMPETING INTERESTS
All authors disclose no relevant conflict of interests.
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... 目前一些研究认为肝脂肪病变程度与血清HBV DNA载量呈反比,与HBsAg清除率呈正比.HU等[9]的动物实验研究结果表明,在感染HBV的小鼠中,合并NAFLD的小鼠比单纯HBV感染的小鼠具有更低的HBV DNA、HBsAg以及乙型肝炎e抗原(hepatitis B e antigen,HBeAg)水平.CEYLAN等[10]的研究也表明,HBV感染合并NAFLD的患者,其HBV DNA水平更低(OR=0.995,95%CI 0.990~0.999,P=0.025).然而亦有研究持不同意见.在分析了270例慢性乙型肝炎患者的临床和病理资料后,郑伟等[11]的研究提示,肝脂肪变性与CHB患者血清中的HBeAg和HBV DNA无相关性;2组患者的肝组织切片经免疫组织化学酶标聚合物(labeled dextran polymer,LDP)法染色,结果显示,HBsAg和乙型肝炎病毒核心抗原(hepatitis B virus core antigen,HBcAg)的表达比例差异亦无统计学意义.尽管不少研究表明CHB患者合并NAFLD,与HBV复制呈负相关,但在伴随NAFLD的情况下,CHB患者的总体预后是较差的[12].因此,NAFLD影响HBV在体内复制及清除的机制未有明确结论前,应避免产生“合并NAFLD对于HBV感染者有益”这一误解.因为尽管合并NAFLD可能对HBV感染者其HBV病毒相关血清标志物有一定影响,使其病毒学指标可能低于非合并NAFLD的HBV感染者,但NAFLD仍是肝功能异常、肝纤维化及肝脏恶性病变的危险因素,是不良临床结局的预测因子之一. ...
2
... 目前一些研究认为肝脂肪病变程度与血清HBV DNA载量呈反比,与HBsAg清除率呈正比.HU等[9]的动物实验研究结果表明,在感染HBV的小鼠中,合并NAFLD的小鼠比单纯HBV感染的小鼠具有更低的HBV DNA、HBsAg以及乙型肝炎e抗原(hepatitis B e antigen,HBeAg)水平.CEYLAN等[10]的研究也表明,HBV感染合并NAFLD的患者,其HBV DNA水平更低(OR=0.995,95%CI 0.990~0.999,P=0.025).然而亦有研究持不同意见.在分析了270例慢性乙型肝炎患者的临床和病理资料后,郑伟等[11]的研究提示,肝脂肪变性与CHB患者血清中的HBeAg和HBV DNA无相关性;2组患者的肝组织切片经免疫组织化学酶标聚合物(labeled dextran polymer,LDP)法染色,结果显示,HBsAg和乙型肝炎病毒核心抗原(hepatitis B virus core antigen,HBcAg)的表达比例差异亦无统计学意义.尽管不少研究表明CHB患者合并NAFLD,与HBV复制呈负相关,但在伴随NAFLD的情况下,CHB患者的总体预后是较差的[12].因此,NAFLD影响HBV在体内复制及清除的机制未有明确结论前,应避免产生“合并NAFLD对于HBV感染者有益”这一误解.因为尽管合并NAFLD可能对HBV感染者其HBV病毒相关血清标志物有一定影响,使其病毒学指标可能低于非合并NAFLD的HBV感染者,但NAFLD仍是肝功能异常、肝纤维化及肝脏恶性病变的危险因素,是不良临床结局的预测因子之一. ...
... 除上述2种观点外,还有一些学者则认为,合并NAFLD并不影响CHB患者的抗病毒治疗效果.CEYLAN等[10]的研究发现,合并NAFLD不影响接受恩替卡韦和替诺福韦治疗的患者的病毒学应答.在2023年亚太肝病协会(Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver,APASL)年会上,我国学者[24]报告了对近年来相关研究的meta分析结果,结果也同样提示,长期随访中,合并与不合并NAFLD的CHB患者抗病毒治疗反应(包括48周和96周时的生化学指标、病毒学指标及HBeAg血清转换率)无明显差异. ...
1
... 目前一些研究认为肝脂肪病变程度与血清HBV DNA载量呈反比,与HBsAg清除率呈正比.HU等[9]的动物实验研究结果表明,在感染HBV的小鼠中,合并NAFLD的小鼠比单纯HBV感染的小鼠具有更低的HBV DNA、HBsAg以及乙型肝炎e抗原(hepatitis B e antigen,HBeAg)水平.CEYLAN等[10]的研究也表明,HBV感染合并NAFLD的患者,其HBV DNA水平更低(OR=0.995,95%CI 0.990~0.999,P=0.025).然而亦有研究持不同意见.在分析了270例慢性乙型肝炎患者的临床和病理资料后,郑伟等[11]的研究提示,肝脂肪变性与CHB患者血清中的HBeAg和HBV DNA无相关性;2组患者的肝组织切片经免疫组织化学酶标聚合物(labeled dextran polymer,LDP)法染色,结果显示,HBsAg和乙型肝炎病毒核心抗原(hepatitis B virus core antigen,HBcAg)的表达比例差异亦无统计学意义.尽管不少研究表明CHB患者合并NAFLD,与HBV复制呈负相关,但在伴随NAFLD的情况下,CHB患者的总体预后是较差的[12].因此,NAFLD影响HBV在体内复制及清除的机制未有明确结论前,应避免产生“合并NAFLD对于HBV感染者有益”这一误解.因为尽管合并NAFLD可能对HBV感染者其HBV病毒相关血清标志物有一定影响,使其病毒学指标可能低于非合并NAFLD的HBV感染者,但NAFLD仍是肝功能异常、肝纤维化及肝脏恶性病变的危险因素,是不良临床结局的预测因子之一. ...
1
... 目前一些研究认为肝脂肪病变程度与血清HBV DNA载量呈反比,与HBsAg清除率呈正比.HU等[9]的动物实验研究结果表明,在感染HBV的小鼠中,合并NAFLD的小鼠比单纯HBV感染的小鼠具有更低的HBV DNA、HBsAg以及乙型肝炎e抗原(hepatitis B e antigen,HBeAg)水平.CEYLAN等[10]的研究也表明,HBV感染合并NAFLD的患者,其HBV DNA水平更低(OR=0.995,95%CI 0.990~0.999,P=0.025).然而亦有研究持不同意见.在分析了270例慢性乙型肝炎患者的临床和病理资料后,郑伟等[11]的研究提示,肝脂肪变性与CHB患者血清中的HBeAg和HBV DNA无相关性;2组患者的肝组织切片经免疫组织化学酶标聚合物(labeled dextran polymer,LDP)法染色,结果显示,HBsAg和乙型肝炎病毒核心抗原(hepatitis B virus core antigen,HBcAg)的表达比例差异亦无统计学意义.尽管不少研究表明CHB患者合并NAFLD,与HBV复制呈负相关,但在伴随NAFLD的情况下,CHB患者的总体预后是较差的[12].因此,NAFLD影响HBV在体内复制及清除的机制未有明确结论前,应避免产生“合并NAFLD对于HBV感染者有益”这一误解.因为尽管合并NAFLD可能对HBV感染者其HBV病毒相关血清标志物有一定影响,使其病毒学指标可能低于非合并NAFLD的HBV感染者,但NAFLD仍是肝功能异常、肝纤维化及肝脏恶性病变的危险因素,是不良临床结局的预测因子之一. ...
2
... 目前一些研究认为肝脂肪病变程度与血清HBV DNA载量呈反比,与HBsAg清除率呈正比.HU等[9]的动物实验研究结果表明,在感染HBV的小鼠中,合并NAFLD的小鼠比单纯HBV感染的小鼠具有更低的HBV DNA、HBsAg以及乙型肝炎e抗原(hepatitis B e antigen,HBeAg)水平.CEYLAN等[10]的研究也表明,HBV感染合并NAFLD的患者,其HBV DNA水平更低(OR=0.995,95%CI 0.990~0.999,P=0.025).然而亦有研究持不同意见.在分析了270例慢性乙型肝炎患者的临床和病理资料后,郑伟等[11]的研究提示,肝脂肪变性与CHB患者血清中的HBeAg和HBV DNA无相关性;2组患者的肝组织切片经免疫组织化学酶标聚合物(labeled dextran polymer,LDP)法染色,结果显示,HBsAg和乙型肝炎病毒核心抗原(hepatitis B virus core antigen,HBcAg)的表达比例差异亦无统计学意义.尽管不少研究表明CHB患者合并NAFLD,与HBV复制呈负相关,但在伴随NAFLD的情况下,CHB患者的总体预后是较差的[12].因此,NAFLD影响HBV在体内复制及清除的机制未有明确结论前,应避免产生“合并NAFLD对于HBV感染者有益”这一误解.因为尽管合并NAFLD可能对HBV感染者其HBV病毒相关血清标志物有一定影响,使其病毒学指标可能低于非合并NAFLD的HBV感染者,但NAFLD仍是肝功能异常、肝纤维化及肝脏恶性病变的危险因素,是不良临床结局的预测因子之一. ...
... 目前NAFLD在促进CHB相关的肝纤维化、肝硬化和HCC中的作用机制仍不清楚.原因之一是NAFLD可能会加重HBV感染所导致的炎症和纤维化损伤.例如,受损的肝细胞可能会释放出炎性细胞因子[例如白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor α,TNF-α)],导致肝星状细胞的活化和增殖,进而引起肝纤维化和肝硬化[12].同样,IL-6和TNF-α也可通过JNK/核转录因子κB(nuclear factor κB,NF-κB)和酪氨酸蛋白激酶(Janus activated kinase,JAK)/转录激活因子3(signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,STAT3)通路促进HCC的发展.此外,NAFLD相关的脂毒性也可能是导致HCC的原因之一[31].NAFLD相关的脂毒性可以引起内质网应激:环磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophosphate,cAMP)反应元件结合蛋白H(responsive element-binding protein H,CREBH)的激活造成原癌基因的表达和肝细胞的过度增殖,对促进HCC的发生具有关键作用.不饱和脂肪酸还可通过激活哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)/NF-κB复合物,导致肝细胞内的抑癌基因(phosphatase and tensin homolog,PTEN)受抑制,进而促进HCC的发生[32].总体来说,炎性反应和氧化应激可改变肝脏内微环境,加速肝硬化和HCC的进展.因此,尽管学术界在合并NAFLD对CHB患者抗病毒治疗效果的影响上有一定争议,但在合并NAFLD对HBV感染者预后的影响上观点却十分一致,即合并NAFLD的CHB患者更容易发生疾病进展(成为肝硬化和/或肝癌). ...
1
... 目前,对于NAFLD如何抑制HBV病毒复制的机制尚不清楚,可能与免疫应答的激活相关.在对肥胖个体的研究[13]中发现,脂多糖、饱和脂肪酸(尤其是棕榈酸)等可以通过髓样分化因子88(myeloid differentiation factor 88,MyD88)介导的信号通路诱导Toll样受体-4(Toll like receptor 4,TLR)以及固有免疫应答激活,导致HBV病毒复制被抑制.因此推测肝脂肪变性可通过TLR途径重新激活细胞免疫对肝脏的细胞毒作用,同时通过改变肝脏的微环境抑制HBV的复制. ...
... 除上述2种观点外,还有一些学者则认为,合并NAFLD并不影响CHB患者的抗病毒治疗效果.CEYLAN等[10]的研究发现,合并NAFLD不影响接受恩替卡韦和替诺福韦治疗的患者的病毒学应答.在2023年亚太肝病协会(Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver,APASL)年会上,我国学者[24]报告了对近年来相关研究的meta分析结果,结果也同样提示,长期随访中,合并与不合并NAFLD的CHB患者抗病毒治疗反应(包括48周和96周时的生化学指标、病毒学指标及HBeAg血清转换率)无明显差异. ...