上海交通大学学报(医学版), 2023, 43(5): 600-605 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2023.05.010

论著 · 临床研究

伴阿尔茨海默病牙周炎患者血清Th17/Treg相关细胞因子水平变化研究

谢欣宜,, 周薇, 邱澈, 沈慧, 宋忠臣,

上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院牙周病科,上海交通大学口腔医学院,国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,上海市口腔医学重点实验室,上海市口腔医学研究所,上海 200011

Changes in serum Th17/Treg-related cytokine levels in periodontitis patients with Alzheimer′s disease

XIE Xinyi,, ZHOU Wei, QIU Che, SHEN Hui, SONG Zhongchen,

Department of Periodontology, Shanghai Ninth People′s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology; Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China

通讯作者: 宋忠臣,电子信箱:szhongchen@sina.com

编委: 徐敏

收稿日期: 2022-11-22   接受日期: 2023-04-28  

基金资助: 国家自然科学基金.  82071112
上海申康医院发展中心临床创新三年行动计划资助.  SHDC2020CR5015

Corresponding authors: SONG Zhongchen, E-mail:szhongchen@sina.com.

Received: 2022-11-22   Accepted: 2023-04-28  

作者简介 About authors

谢欣宜(1996—),女,硕士生;电子信箱:honeymelon2015@sjtu.edu.cn。 E-mail:honeymelon2015@sjtu.edu.cn

摘要

目的·观察血清Th17/Treg水平的变化对阿尔茨海默病与牙周炎的影响。方法·纳入2020年6月—2021年12月就诊于上海交通大学医学院附属精神卫生中心老年科共18位伴阿尔茨海默病的牙周炎患者与同时期就诊于上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院共15位认知功能正常的牙周炎患者,检查并记录患者探诊深度(probing depth,PD)、附着丧失(clinical attachment loss,CAL)及探诊出血位点比例(percentage of bleeding on probing,BOP%)。使用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清中Th17相关细胞因子白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、IL-17、IL-22及Treg相关细胞因子IL-4、IL-10、转化生长因子-β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)水平。采用样本独立t检验比较2组牙周指标与细胞因子水平的差异,P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。结果·伴阿尔茨海默病的牙周炎患者PD(P=0.021)、CAL(P=0.023)及BOP%(P=0.018)均显著高于认知功能正常的牙周炎患者。伴阿尔茨海默病的牙周炎患者血清IL-6(P=0.010)、IL-17(P=0.022)、IL-22(P=0.031)水平均显著高于认知功能正常的牙周炎患者;同时,组中IL-4(P=0.002)及IL-10(P=0.049)、TGF-β(P=0.006)水平相较于认知功能正常的牙周炎患者显著降低。结论·伴阿尔茨海默病牙周炎患者的牙周状况比认知功能正常的牙周炎患者差,Th17相关促炎细胞因子升高,而Treg相关抗炎因子降低,说明牙周炎可能通过介导Th17/Treg相关的慢性炎症反应影响阿尔茨海默病的发生发展。

关键词: 阿尔茨海默病 ; 牙周炎 ; 细胞因子 ; Th17细胞 ; Treg细胞

Abstract

Objective ·To observe the role of serum Th17/Treg levels in the correlation between Alzheimer′s disease and periodontitis. Methods ·Eighteen periodontitis patients with Alzheimer′s disease who visited the Department of Geriatric, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and 15 periodontitis patients with normal cognitive function who visited the Department of Periodontology, Shanghai Ninth People′s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from June 2020 to December 2021, were enrolled in this study. Probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL) and percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP%) were examined and recorded. Serum levels of Th17-related cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-17, and IL-22, Treg-related cytokines IL-4 and IL-10, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) were measured by ELISA. The differences of periodontal status and cytokine levels were compared by using t-test. The difference was statistically significant when P<0.05. Results ·The PD (P=0.021), CAL (P=0.018) and BOP% (P=0.018) were significantly higher in the periodontitis patients with Alzheimer′s disease than those in periodontitis patients with normal cognitive function. The serum IL-6 (P=0.010), IL-17 (P=0.022) and IL-22 (P=0.031) levels were significantly higher in the periodontitis patients with Alzheimer′s disease than those in periodontitis patients with normal cognitive function, while the levels of IL-10 (P=0.049), IL-4 (P=0.002) and TGF-β (P=0.006) in the periodontitis patients with Alzheimer′s disease were significantly lower compared with those in periodontitis patients with normal cognitive function. Conclusion ·The periodontal condition of periodontitis patients with Alzheimer′s disease is worse compared to that of periodontitis patients with normal cognitive function. The expression of Th17-related pro-inflammatory cytokines is elevated, while the expression of Treg-related anti-inflammatory factors is decreased. Thus, periodontitis may affect the development of Alzheimer′s disease by mediating Th17/Treg-related chronic inflammatory responses.

Keywords: Alzheimer′s disease ; periodontal disease ; cytokins ; Th17 cell ; Treg cell

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谢欣宜, 周薇, 邱澈, 沈慧, 宋忠臣. 伴阿尔茨海默病牙周炎患者血清Th17/Treg相关细胞因子水平变化研究. 上海交通大学学报(医学版)[J], 2023, 43(5): 600-605 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2023.05.010

XIE Xinyi, ZHOU Wei, QIU Che, SHEN Hui, SONG Zhongchen. Changes in serum Th17/Treg-related cytokine levels in periodontitis patients with Alzheimer′s disease. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Medical Science)[J], 2023, 43(5): 600-605 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2023.05.010

牙周炎(chronic periodontitis,CP)是由菌斑生物膜引起的牙周组织的慢性感染性疾病,可导致牙周支持组织的破坏1。近年来,已有大量研究表明牙周健康与全身健康或疾病呈双向关系,有学者提出牙周炎可能是阿尔茨海默病的诱因之一2-4

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer′s disease,AD)是一种与年龄增长相关的、前期无明显症状的、进行性发展的神经系统退行性疾病,其主要临床表现为记忆力减退、认知功能障碍、行为异常以及社交障碍等5。研究6认为,牙周炎在免疫应答时产生的促炎因子可能通过全身循环或神经通路进入大脑组织,造成中枢神经炎症反应,从而影响阿尔茨海默病的发生。

辅助性T细胞(helper T cell,Th cell),包括Th1、Th2、Th17及调节性T细胞(regulatory T cells,Treg)等,可以通过获得性免疫应答的改变,分别在牙周炎与阿尔茨海默病的发生发展中产生影响7。在Th细胞中,Th17细胞通过产生IL-6、IL-17、IL-22等促炎细胞因子引起自身免疫和炎症,而Treg细胞则可分泌IL-4、IL-10及TGF-β等抗炎细胞因子产生抑制并维持免疫平衡8。研究9-10表明,牙周炎患者与阿尔茨海默病患者均可观察到Th17、Treg相关细胞因子水平的变化,但Th17/Treg相关细胞因子失衡对牙周炎和阿尔茨海默病的相关性是否有作用尚不清楚。因此,本研究通过观察伴阿尔茨海默病的牙周炎患者与认知功能正常的牙周炎患者Th17/Treg相关细胞因子水平,探究其在阿尔茨海默病与牙周炎关联中的作用。

1 对象与方法

1.1 研究对象

纳入2020年6月—2021年12月就诊于上海交通大学医学院附属精神卫生中心老年科伴阿尔茨海默病的牙周炎患者18人(AD+CP组),以及就诊于上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院牙周病科的认知功能正常的牙周炎患者15人(CP组)。

AD+CP组纳入标准:① 年龄≥55 岁。② 符合美国国立衰老研究所与阿尔茨海默病协会(National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer′s Association,NIA-AA)标准诊断为AD。③ 获得患者或家属知情同意。④ 依据《牙周病和植体周病国际新分类(2018)》诊断为牙周炎11

CP组纳入标准:① 年龄≥55 岁。② 经神经内科专科医师诊断为无认知障碍,既往无卒中、AD、VD史,无记忆力衰退症状。③ 获得患者或家属知情同意。④ 依据《牙周病和植体周病国际新分类(2018)》诊断为牙周炎。

排除标准:① 依从性差、严重不配合。② 伴有糖尿病。③ 3个月内进行过牙周治疗。④ 3个月内接受过抗生素及免疫抑制治疗。⑤ 除牙周炎外,6个月内患有过其他感染性疾病。⑥ 物质滥用(如酗酒、吸毒、安定类药物)所致的痴呆,或认知损害由于谵妄及其他精神障碍所致(如重度抑郁、精神分裂症等)。⑦ 已知能导致记忆和认知损害的中枢神经系统情况(如脑血管疾病、帕金森病、亨廷顿病、精神发育迟滞、硬膜下血肿、正常颅压脑积水、脑瘤)。⑧ 已知能导致痴呆的系统性情况(如甲状腺功能减低、维生素B1缺乏、维生素B12缺乏、烟酸缺乏、低血钙、神经梅毒、艾滋病等)。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 牙周检查

使用UNC-15探针,分别检测入组患者指数牙(16、21、24、36、41、44)唇颊侧、舌腭侧近中、正中、远中位点的探诊深度(probing depth,PD)、附着丧失(clinical attachment loss,CAL)及探诊出血(bleeding on probing,BOP)情况。若指数牙缺失则按照对侧同名牙>邻牙>对颌同名牙的优先顺序进行检查;若口内多牙缺失,则记录口内全部余留牙的牙周指数。计算并统计患者各牙各位点PD、CAL平均值及BOP位点阳性率(BOP%)。

1.2.2 血清细胞因子检测

抽取患者3 mL静脉血,置于促凝管中,4 ℃静置后,825×g离心15 min,分离上层血清。采用酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA),于固相包被的抗体上孵育待测样本,分别结合生物素化抗体及浓缩酶结合物,显色底物(tetramethylbenzidine,TMB)显色,终止后使用酶标仪检测,使用标准曲线计算样本中Th17细胞相关因子(IL-6、IL-17、IL-22)、Treg相关细胞因子(IL-4、IL-10、TGF-β)水平。ELISA试剂盒购自上海宸功生物科技有限公司以及上海普盛生物科技有限公司。

1.3 统计学方法

采用SPSS 25.0统计学软件进行分析和处理,受试者PD、CAL、BOP%及细胞因子水平等定量资料的组间比较以x±s表示,采用独立样本t检验,P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

最终入组AD+CP组患者共18例。其中男性、女性各9例,年龄57.0~84.0岁,平均年龄(73.17±0.35)岁;CP组患者共15例,其中男性7例,女性8例,年龄55.0~80.0岁,平均年龄(64.27±0.44)岁。

2.1 2组患者的牙周状况比较

2组患者牙周状况比较结果见表1。AD+CP组患者PD、CAL、BOP%显著高于CP组PD(P=0.021)、CAL(P=0.023)、BOP%(P=0.018)。

表1   患者牙周状况比较

Tab 1  Periodontal parameters of the two groups

IndexGroupt valueP value
AD+CP (n=18)CP (n=15)
PD/mm2.82±0.042.25±0.032.4360.021
CAL/mm3.92±0.082.90±0.062.3960.023
BOP%61.94±1.3940.97±1.512.4970.018

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2.2 血清Th17相关细胞因子比较

血清Th17相关细胞因子比较结果见图1。AD+CP组的血清促炎因子IL-6为(98.170±4.226)pg/mL,IL-17为(59.039±1.153)pg/mL,IL-22为(58.931±1.188 ng/mL,显著高于CP组IL-6(42.867±1.195)pg/mL(P=0.010)、IL-17(43.872±0.609)pg/mL(P=0.022)、IL-22(45.417±0.636)ng/mL(P=0.031)。

图1

图1   2组患者血清Th17相关细胞因子水平的比较

Note: A. IL-6. B. IL-17. C. IL-22.Compared with CP group, P=0.010, P=0.022, P=0.031.

Fig 1   Comparison of serum Th17-related cytokine levels between the two groups


2.3 2组血清Treg相关细胞因子比较

2组血清Treg相关细胞因子比较见图2。AD+CP组患者血清抗炎因子IL-4为(33.796±1.444)pg/mL,IL-10为(26.410±1.077)ng/mL,TGF-β为(14 895.181±486.609)pg/mL,显著低于CP组IL-4(72.230±2.873)pg/mL(P=0.002)、IL-10(54.090±3.592)ng/mL(P=0.049)及TGF-β(23 393.809±548.503)pg/mL(P=0.006)。

图2

图2   2组患者血清Treg相关细胞因子水平的比较

Note: A. IL-4. B. IL-10. C. TGF-β. Compared with CP group. P=0.002, P=0.049, P=0.006.

Fig 2   Comparison of serum Treg-related cytokine levels between the two groups


3 讨论

牙周炎是我国成年人群牙齿缺失的首要原因。《第四次全国口腔健康流行病学调查报告》指出,截至2018年,我国65~74岁年龄组的牙周健康率仅为9.3%12。牙周病可能影响全身健康或疾病,目前已证实牙周病与心血管疾病、糖尿病、呼吸系统疾病及AD等疾病相关13-15

截至2019年,我国AD患者人数为1 324万余例,是导致我国人群死亡的第5位疾病16。多项临床研究显示,AD患者通常口腔卫生状况更差,牙周破坏程度也更重17-20。在本研究中也发现CP+AD组PD、CAL及BOP%更高。但牙周炎与AD间关联机制尚不清楚,牙周病可能通过外周炎症以及宿主免疫反应造成中枢炎症的发生,从而对AD的发病造成影响21-22

Treg和Th17细胞在适应性免疫反应中扮演重要角色23。DENG等24认为,牙周致病菌可以介导Th17/Treg失衡,而Th17和Treg细胞之间复杂的相互作用和不平衡可能在牙周炎的发病机制中至关重要。本课题组前期研究25表明,Th17/Treg失衡在建立牙周炎模型造成的小鼠神经炎症与认知功能障碍中发挥了重要作用。因此,本研究观察了诱导Th细胞分化为Th17的IL-6、Th17相关的促炎因子IL-17、IL-22及Treg相关抗炎因子IL-4、IL-10、TGF-β水平。结果显示,AD+CP组血清IL-6、IL-17、IL-22水平显著升高,而IL-4、IL-10、TGF-β水平显著降低。

SHEN等26发现AD患者外周IL-6水平显著升高,与本研究所观察到AD+CP组血清IL-6水平显著升高相一致。另外,本试验观察到CP+AD组血清IL-17水平有明显升高。但到目前为止,AD患者中所观察到的IL-17改变并不一致27。最近的一项meta分析显示AD的疾病进展与脑脊液IL-17A水平呈负相关28,作者认为这种不一致可能与缺乏统一的纳排标准与分级有关。另外,由于上述研究中所设立对照组并未考虑患者牙周状况,而牙周炎会对细胞因子水平产生影响,这也可能是导致结果不一致的原因之一。血清IL-22水平在AD患者中的变化未见报道,而本研究结果表明IL-22在AD+CP组血清中升高。

THOMAS等29则连续3年检测了AD致认知功能障碍患者血清IL-4、IL-10水平,发现二者水平下降均与受试者认知功能下降呈强相关性,与本试验中IL-4、IL-10显著降低趋势一致。而AD患者血清TGF-β水平变化则未见相关报道,本研究发现TGF-β水平在AD+CP组血清中降低。

我们在筛选入组患者时发现,入组患者平均年龄为(73.17±0.35)岁,经检查均患有牙周炎,因此较难设立伴AD的牙周健康组。同时,也有研究指出,AD患者口腔内存在修复体的数量相较于认知功能正常的患者更多,因此也需要更多的口腔卫生护理30。我们在牙周相关数据及样本采集过程中也发现,住院AD患者的口腔卫生通常无法自理,护理人员协助患者每日2次刷牙,时长与质量并不能保证,辅助口腔清洁手段则是缺失的,这也进一步导致AD患者的口腔卫生难以维持。CP+AD组患者牙周状况更差,也可能对相关细胞因子水平产生一定影响,还需进一步研究。

总之,Th17/Treg相关细胞因子的表达与免疫应答的变化在牙周炎与AD的关联中发挥一定作用,提示加强对牙周炎患者Th17/Treg相关细胞因子水平的监测,可能对AD的防治起到一定作用。

作者贡献声明

谢欣宜、周薇、宋忠臣参与了试验设计;邱澈、沈慧、谢欣宜完成了样本收集;谢欣宜完成了试验操作;谢欣宜、周薇、宋忠臣参与了论文的写作和修改。所有作者均阅读并同意了最终稿件的提交。

The study was designed by XIE Xinyi, ZHOU Wei and SONG Zhongchen. The clinical sample was collected by QIU Che, SHEN Hui and XIE Xinyi. The study was operated by XIE Xinyi. The manuscript was drafted and revised by XIE Xinyi, ZHOU Wei and SONG Zhongchen. All the authors have read the last version of paper and consented for submission.

利益冲突声明

所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。

COMPETING INTERESTS

All authors disclose no relevant conflict of interests.

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