An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) is a targeted therapeutic drug composed of a monoclonal antibody linked to a small-molecule cytotoxic drug via a linker. Once administered, ADCs bind to tumor-specific antigens, forming ADC-antigen complexes, which are internalized through endocytosis. The linkers are then cleaved via endosomal-lysosome pathway and the cytotoxic drug is released, which induces apoptosis in the target cells. ADCs combine the advantages of monoclonal antibody drugs and cytotoxic drugs. They are able to reduce damage to normal cells while killing target cells, thus exhibiting higher anti-tumor efficiency. As the treatment of hematological malignancies gradually advances into the era of targeted immunotherapy, ADCs, as one of the hot spots, have shown broad prospects and also face many challenges in drug development and clinical application. Currently marketed ADCs in China include brentuximab vedotin (anti-CD30), inotuzumab ozogamicin (anti-CD22) and polatuzumab vedotin (anti-CD79B), while those marketed abroad include gemtuzumab ozogamicin (anti-CD33) and loncastuximab tesirine (anti-CD19), all demonstrating good efficacy and safety in clinical practice. Additionally, ADCs targeting different antigens such as CD123, CD19, CD20, receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1), and CD38 are undergoing clinical studies. Globally, there are over a hundred ADCs in development, and it is hoped that more breakthroughs will be achieved in the future to further optimize the treatment strategies for hematologic malignancies.
TANG Sijie, MI Jianqing. Clinical advances in antibody-drug conjugates for hematological malignancies. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Medical Science)[J], 2024, 44(12): 1607-1614 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2024.12.015
美国国立综合癌症网络(National Comprehensive Cancer Network,NCCN)指南推荐BV联合AVD(阿霉素+长春碱类+达卡巴嗪)方案(BV+AVD)作为Ⅲ~Ⅳ期cHL患者的初始治疗,主要是基于Ⅲ期ECHELON-1研究的数据。该研究对比了ABVD(阿霉素+博来霉素+长春碱类+达卡巴嗪)方案治疗和BV+AVD治疗的结果,BV+AVD组的2年PFS率更高(82.1% vs 77.2%,HR=0.77;P=0.03)[23]。中位随访60.9个月,BV+AVD组的5年PFS率也更高(82.2% vs 75.3%,HR=0.681;P=0.002)[24]。中位随访73.0个月,BV+AVD组的OS显著改善,估计6年OS率为93.9%,高于ABVD组的89.4%(HR=0.59,P=0.009)[25]。
NCCN指南推荐BV联合CHP(环磷酰胺+阿霉素+泼尼松)方案用于初治的ALCL或其他CD30阳性淋巴瘤患者,推荐BV作为R/R ALCL或其他CD30阳性淋巴瘤首选的二线用药[29]。Ⅲ期ECHELON-2研究验证了BV+CHP方案可显著改善初发CD30阳性外周T细胞淋巴瘤(peripheral T cell lymphoma,PTCL)患者的PFS和OS;中位随访47.6个月的最终结果显示,BV+CHP组和CHOP(环磷酰胺+阿霉素+长春新碱+泼尼松)组的5年PFS率分别为51.4%和43.0%(HR=0.70),5年OS率分别为70.1%和61.0%(HR=0.72)[30]。BV对不同亚型和不同CD30表达水平的PTCL患者的疗效仍需探索。一项Ⅱ期研究正在探究BV+CHP治疗CD30表达低于10%的PTCL患者的效果和安全性(NCT04569032)。
Pola单药治疗R/R DLBCL和慢性淋巴细胞白血病(chronic lymphocytic leukemia,CLL)的安全性在一项Ⅰ期研究[32]中得到了验证(NCT01290549),不良反应主要是血液学毒性和周围神经病变。SEHN等[33]发表了一项Pola治疗R/R DLBCL的Ⅰb/Ⅱ期研究,80例不适合自体移植的R/R DLBCL患者被随机分配至Pola联合苯达莫司汀和利妥昔单抗(Pola-BR)治疗组和BR治疗组,Pola-BR组的CR率和PFS显著提高(CR率:40% vs 17.5%;中位PFS:9.5个月vs 3.7个月),中位OS由4.7个月延长至12.4个月。Pola+BR组的周围神经病变不良反应多为1~2级且经治疗可好转,整体安全性良好。
基于POLARIX Ⅲ期研究[34]的数据,Pola获批用于DLBCL的一线治疗。该研究纳入了440例使用Pola-R-CHP和439例使用R-CHOP的初治DLBLC患者,中位随访28.2个月,Pola-R-CHP组的2年PFS率更高(76.7% vs 72.6%),疾病进展、复发和死亡的风险下降27%。Pola-R-CHP与R-CHOP的安全性一致,Pola替换长春新碱未导致不良事件增加。在亚洲人群中也得到了相同的结论[35]。
后续DREAMM-7临床研究[49]比较了BVd(Belamaf+硼替佐米+地塞米松)联合方案和DVd(达雷妥尤单抗+硼替佐米+地塞米松)联合方案治疗R/R MM患者的PFS,中位随访28.2个月,BVd组的中位PFS为36.6个月,显著优于DVd组的13.4个月(HR=0.41)。BVd组的眼不良事件较DVd组更常见(79% vs 29%),但经剂量调整后大部分能够缓解。DREAMM-8临床研究[50]比较了BPd(Belamaf+泊马度胺+地塞米松)联合方案和PVd(泊马度胺+硼替佐米+地塞米松)联合方案治疗来那度胺经治的R/R MM患者的效果,中位随访21.8个月,BPd组的12个月PFS为71%,显著高于PVd组的51%(HR=0.52),OS仍在随访中。基于DREAMM-7和DREAMM-8的良好结果,Belamaf在2024年重新提交了上市申请。
The topic selection and design was carried out by TANG Sijie. The study information was retrieved by TANG Sijie. The manuscript was written by TANG Sijie and revised by MI Jianqing. Both authors have read the last version of paper and consented for submission.
利益冲突声明
两位作者声明不存在利益冲突。
COMPETING INTERESTS
Both authors disclose no relevant conflict of interests.
FU Z W, LI S J, HAN S F, et al. Antibody drug conjugate: the "biological missile" for targeted cancer therapy[J]. Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2022, 7(1): 93.
STAUDACHER A H, BROWN M P. Antibody drug conjugates and bystander killing: is antigen-dependent internalisation required?[J]. Br J Cancer, 2017, 117(12): 1736-1742.
HILLS R K, CASTAIGNE S, APPELBAUM F R, et al. Addition of gemtuzumab ozogamicin to induction chemotherapy in adult patients with acute myeloid leukaemia: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised controlled trials[J]. Lancet Oncol, 2014, 15(9): 986-996.
STEIN E M, WALTER R B, ERBA H P, et al. A phase 1 trial of vadastuximab talirine as monotherapy in patients with CD33-positive acute myeloid leukemia[J]. Blood, 2018, 131(4): 387-396.
NAVAL D, AHMED A, PAU M, et al. Safety and efficacy from a phase 1b/2 study of IMGN632 in combination with azacitidine and venetoclax for patients with CD123-positive acute myeloid leukemia[J]. Blood, 2021, 138(S1): 372.
NAVAL D, PAU M, AHMED A, et al. Broad activity for the pivekimab sunirine (PVEK, IMGN632), azacitidine, and venetoclax triplet in high-risk patients with relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML)[J]. Blood, 2022, 140(S1): 145-149.
KANTARJIAN H M, DEANGELO D J, STELLJES M, et al. Inotuzumab ozogamicin versus standard therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia[J]. N Engl J Med, 2016, 375(8): 740-753.
KANTARJIAN H M, DEANGELO D J, STELLJES M, et al. Inotuzumab ozogamicin versus standard of care in relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia: final report and long-term survival follow-up from the randomized, phase 3 INO-VATE study[J]. Cancer, 2019, 125(14): 2474-2487.
WÄSCH R, KONDAKCI M, SCHOLL S, et al. Inotuzumab ozogamicin as induction therapy for patients older than 55 years with Philadelphia chromosome-negative B-precursor ALL[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2024, 42(3): 273-282.
KANTARJIAN H, RAVANDI F, SHORT N J, et al. Inotuzumab ozogamicin in combination with low-intensity chemotherapy for older patients with Philadelphia chromosome-negative acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a single-arm, phase 2 study[J]. Lancet Oncol, 2018, 19(2): 240-248.
JABBOUR E, SHORT N J, SENAPATI J, et al. Mini-hyper-CVD plus inotuzumab ozogamicin, with or without blinatumomab, in the subgroup of older patients with newly diagnosed Philadelphia chromosome-negative B-cell acute lymphocytic leukaemia: long-term results of an open-label phase 2 trial[J]. Lancet Haematol, 2023, 10(6): e433-e444.
JABBOUR E, HADDAD F G, SHORT N J, et al. Phase 2 study of inotuzumab ozogamicin for measurable residual disease in acute lymphoblastic leukemia in remission[J]. Blood, 2024, 143(5): 417-421.
AUJLA A, AUJLA R, LIU D L. Inotuzumab ozogamicin in clinical development for acute lymphoblastic leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma[J]. Biomark Res, 2019, 7: 9.
HERRERA A F, PALMER J, MARTIN P, et al. Autologous stem-cell transplantation after second-line brentuximab vedotin in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma[J]. Ann Oncol, 2018, 29(3): 724-730.
PRINCE H M, HUTCHINGS M, DOMINGO-DOMENECH E, et al. Anti-CD30 antibody-drug conjugate therapy in lymphoma: current knowledge, remaining controversies, and future perspectives[J]. Ann Hematol, 2023, 102(1): 13-29.
STRAUS D J, DŁUGOSZ-DANECKA M, CONNORS J M, et al. Brentuximab vedotin with chemotherapy for stage Ⅲ or Ⅳ classical Hodgkin lymphoma (ECHELON-1): 5-year update of an international, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial[J]. Lancet Haematol, 2021, 8(6): e410-e421.
ANSELL S M, RADFORD J, CONNORS J M, et al. Overall survival with brentuximab vedotin in stage Ⅲ or Ⅳ Hodgkin's lymphoma[J]. N Engl J Med, 2022, 387(4): 310-320.
MOSKOWITZ C H, NADEMANEE A, MASSZI T, et al. Brentuximab vedotin as consolidation therapy after autologous stem-cell transplantation in patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma at risk of relapse or progression (AETHERA): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial[J]. Lancet, 2015, 385(9980): 1853-1862.
MOSKOWITZ C H, WALEWSKI J, NADEMANEE A, et al. Five-year PFS from the AETHERA trial of brentuximab vedotin for Hodgkin lymphoma at high risk of progression or relapse[J]. Blood, 2018, 132(25): 2639-2642.
BARTLETT N L, CHEN R, FANALE M A, et al. Retreatment with brentuximab vedotin in patients with CD30-positive hematologic malignancies[J]. J Hematol Oncol, 2014, 7: 24.
HORWITZ S M, ANSELL S, AI W Z, et al. T-cell lymphomas, version 2.2022, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology[J]. J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 2022, 20(3): 285-308.
HORWITZ S, O'CONNOR O A, PRO B, et al. The ECHELON-2 Trial: 5-year results of a randomized, phase Ⅲ study of brentuximab vedotin with chemotherapy for CD30-positive peripheral T-cell lymphoma[J]. Ann Oncol, 2022, 33(3): 288-298.
SVOBODA J, BAIR S M, LANDSBURG D J, et al. Brentuximab vedotin in combination with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and prednisone as frontline treatment for patients with CD30-positive B-cell lymphomas[J]. Haematologica, 2021, 106(6): 1705-1713.
PALANCA-WESSELS M C, CZUCZMAN M, SALLES G, et al. Safety and activity of the anti-CD79B antibody-drug conjugate polatuzumab vedotin in relapsed or refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a phase 1 study[J]. Lancet Oncol, 2015, 16(6): 704-715.
SEHN L H, HERRERA A F, FLOWERS C R, et al. Polatuzumab vedotin in relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2020, 38(2): 155-165.
TILLY H, MORSCHHAUSER F, SEHN L H, et al. Polatuzumab vedotin in previously untreated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma[J]. N Engl J Med, 2022, 386(4): 351-363.
SONG Y Q, TILLY H, RAI S, et al. Polatuzumab vedotin in previously untreated DLBCL: an Asia subpopulation analysis from the phase 3 POLARIX trial[J]. Blood, 2023, 141(16): 1971-1981.
HERRERA A F, PATEL M R, BURKE J M, et al. Anti-CD79B antibody-drug conjugate DCDS0780A in patients with B-cell non-hodgkin lymphoma: phase 1 dose-escalation study[J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2022, 28(7): 1294-1301.
HAMADANI M, RADFORD J, CARLO-STELLA C, et al. Final results of a phase 1 study of loncastuximab tesirine in relapsed/refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma[J]. Blood, 2021, 137(19): 2634-2645.
CAIMI P F, AI W Z, ALDERUCCIO J P, et al. Loncastuximab tesirine in relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: long-term efficacy and safety from the phase Ⅱ LOTIS-2 study[J]. Haematologica, 2024, 109(4): 1184-1193.
DEPAUS J, WAGNER-JOHNSTON N, ZINZANI P L, et al. Clinical activity of loncastuximab tesirine plus ibrutinib in non-Hodgkin lymphoma: updated LOTIS 3 phase 1 results[J]. Hematol Oncol, 2021, 39(S2): 325-327.
KWIATEK M, GROSICKI S, JIMÉNEZ J L, et al. POSTER: ABCL-515 updated results of the safety run-in of the phase 3 LOTIS-5 trial: novel combination of loncastuximab tesirine with rituximab (Lonca-R) versus immunochemotherapy in patients with R/R DLBCL[J]. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk, 2023, 23: S204.
HAMLIN P A, MUSTEATA V, PARK S I, et al. Safety and efficacy of engineered toxin body MT-3724 in relapsed or refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma[J]. Cancer Res Commun, 2022, 2(5): 307-315.
LIN C Y, GALAL A, RIZZIERI D, et al. Combinatorial efficacy and toxicity of an engineered toxin body MT-3724 with gemcitabine and oxaliplatin in relapsed or refractory diffuse large B cell lymphoma[J]. Cancer Invest, 2023. DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2022.2162073.
WANG M, BARRIENTOS J C, FURMAN R R, et al. VLS-101, a ROR1-targeting antibody-drug conjugate, demonstrates a predictable safety profile and clinical efficacy in patients with heavily pretreated mantle cell lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma[J]. Blood, 2020, 136(Suppl 1): 13-14.
PHILLIPS T, BARR P M, PARK S I, et al. A phase 1 trial of SGN-CD70A in patients with CD70-positive diffuse large B cell lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma[J]. Invest New Drugs, 2019, 37(2): 297-306.
CHU Y R, ZHOU X X, WANG X. Antibody-drug conjugates for the treatment of lymphoma: clinical advances and latest progress[J]. J Hematol Oncol, 2021, 14(1): 88.
LONIAL S, LEE H C, BADROS A, et al. Belantamab mafodotin for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (DREAMM-2): a two-arm, randomised, open-label, phase 2 study[J]. Lancet Oncol, 2020, 21(2): 207-221.
DIMOPOULOS M A, HUNGRIA V T M, RADINOFF A, et al. Efficacy and safety of single-agent belantamab mafodotin versus pomalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (DREAMM-3): a phase 3, open-label, randomised study[J]. Lancet Haematol, 2023, 10(10): e801-e812.
DIMOPOULOS M A, BEKSAC M, POUR L, et al. Belantamab mafodotin, pomalidomide, and dexamethasone in multiple myeloma[J]. N Engl J Med, 2024, 391(5): 408-421.
LEE H C, RAJE N S, LANDGREN O, et al. Phase 1 study of the anti-BCMA antibody-drug conjugate AMG 224 in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma[J]. Leukemia, 2021, 35(1): 255-258.
CHAKRABORTY R, YAN Y, ROYAL M. A phase 1, open-label, dose-escalation study of the safety and efficacy of anti-CD38 antibody drug conjugate (STI-6129) in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma[J]. Blood, 2021, 138(Suppl 1): 4763.
KAUFMAN J L, ATRASH S, HOLSTEIN S A, et al. S181 modakafusp alfa (TAK-573): updated clinical, pharmacokinetic (PK), and immunogenicity results from a phase 1/2 study in patients (PTS) with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM)[J]. Hema Sphere, 2022, 6(S3): 82-83.
... 美国国立综合癌症网络(National Comprehensive Cancer Network,NCCN)指南推荐BV联合AVD(阿霉素+长春碱类+达卡巴嗪)方案(BV+AVD)作为Ⅲ~Ⅳ期cHL患者的初始治疗,主要是基于Ⅲ期ECHELON-1研究的数据.该研究对比了ABVD(阿霉素+博来霉素+长春碱类+达卡巴嗪)方案治疗和BV+AVD治疗的结果,BV+AVD组的2年PFS率更高(82.1% vs 77.2%,HR=0.77;P=0.03)[23].中位随访60.9个月,BV+AVD组的5年PFS率也更高(82.2% vs 75.3%,HR=0.681;P=0.002)[24].中位随访73.0个月,BV+AVD组的OS显著改善,估计6年OS率为93.9%,高于ABVD组的89.4%(HR=0.59,P=0.009)[25]. ...
1
... 美国国立综合癌症网络(National Comprehensive Cancer Network,NCCN)指南推荐BV联合AVD(阿霉素+长春碱类+达卡巴嗪)方案(BV+AVD)作为Ⅲ~Ⅳ期cHL患者的初始治疗,主要是基于Ⅲ期ECHELON-1研究的数据.该研究对比了ABVD(阿霉素+博来霉素+长春碱类+达卡巴嗪)方案治疗和BV+AVD治疗的结果,BV+AVD组的2年PFS率更高(82.1% vs 77.2%,HR=0.77;P=0.03)[23].中位随访60.9个月,BV+AVD组的5年PFS率也更高(82.2% vs 75.3%,HR=0.681;P=0.002)[24].中位随访73.0个月,BV+AVD组的OS显著改善,估计6年OS率为93.9%,高于ABVD组的89.4%(HR=0.59,P=0.009)[25]. ...
1
... 美国国立综合癌症网络(National Comprehensive Cancer Network,NCCN)指南推荐BV联合AVD(阿霉素+长春碱类+达卡巴嗪)方案(BV+AVD)作为Ⅲ~Ⅳ期cHL患者的初始治疗,主要是基于Ⅲ期ECHELON-1研究的数据.该研究对比了ABVD(阿霉素+博来霉素+长春碱类+达卡巴嗪)方案治疗和BV+AVD治疗的结果,BV+AVD组的2年PFS率更高(82.1% vs 77.2%,HR=0.77;P=0.03)[23].中位随访60.9个月,BV+AVD组的5年PFS率也更高(82.2% vs 75.3%,HR=0.681;P=0.002)[24].中位随访73.0个月,BV+AVD组的OS显著改善,估计6年OS率为93.9%,高于ABVD组的89.4%(HR=0.59,P=0.009)[25]. ...