上海交通大学学报(医学版), 2024, 44(2): 278-286 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2024.02.015

病例报告

系统性红斑狼疮合并纯红细胞再生障碍性贫血1例报道及文献复习

陈琼,1, 方杰2, 魏强华,1

1.上海交通大学医学院附属第一人民医院中医科,上海 200080

2.上海交通大学医学院附属第一人民医院检验科,上海 200080

Systemic lupus erythematosus complicated with pure red cell aplasia: a case report and literature review

CHEN Qiong,1, FANG Jie2, WEI Qianghua,1

1.Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China

2.Department of Laboratory, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China

通讯作者: 魏强华,电子信箱:weiqh1122@sina.com

编委: 邵碧云

收稿日期: 2023-07-23   接受日期: 2023-12-26  

基金资助: 国家自然科学基金.  82104908

Corresponding authors: WEI Qianghua, E-mail:weiqh1122@sina.com.

Received: 2023-07-23   Accepted: 2023-12-26  

作者简介 About authors

陈琼(1987—),女,主治医师,硕士;电子信箱:chenqiongjone@163.com。 E-mail:chenqiongjone@163.com

摘要

该文对1例系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)合并纯红细胞再生障碍性贫血(pure red cell aplasia,PRCA)病例进行报道,并复习1974—2021年国内外文献报道的51例SLE合并PRCA患者的资料,对该52例患者(51+1例)的流行病学特征、临床特征、实验室指标、治疗以及预后进行统计分析。结果显示,52例患者多见于亚洲育龄期女性。诊断为SLE和诊断为PRCA时,患者的中位年龄分别为31.5岁和36.0岁。先诊断为SLE的患者,诊断为SLE与诊断为PRCA的间隔时间明显长于先诊断为PRCA的患者(P=0.042)。52例患者临床表现多为乏力、关节痛、雷诺现象和皮疹,并可合并自身免疫性溶血性贫血(autoimmune hemolytic anemia,AIHA)、胸腺瘤、甲状腺功能减退、重症肌无力(myasthenia gravis,MG)。实验室指标中抗核抗体(antinuclear antibody,ANA)阳性、抗双链DNA(double stranded DNA,dsDNA)抗体阳性、尿蛋白阳性和低补体水平的人数比例均较高。52例患者中,有51例的治疗方案包含糖皮质激素,占比98.08%,其次依次为输血治疗、环孢素A、环磷酰胺、高剂量静脉注射免疫球蛋白等。在报道了预后的50例病例中,预后好转44例,无效和死亡各3例。该文旨在提高临床医师对SLE合并PRCA的认识。

关键词: 系统性红斑狼疮 ; 纯红细胞再生障碍性贫血 ; 流行病学特征 ; 临床特征

Abstract

This article reports a single case of a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) combined with pure red cell aplasia (PRCA), and reviews 51 additional cases of patients reported by domestic and overseas papers from 1974 to 2021. These 52 (51+1) cases were analyzed to summarize the epidemiological features, clinical features, laboratory inspections, treatments and prognosis of the patients. The results indicated that among all the 52 cases, cases of SLE combined with PRCA were mostly seen in Asian childbearing age women. The median ages of patients diagnosed with SLE and diagnosed with PRCA were 31.5 years and 36.0 years, respectively. The time interval between the initial diagnosis of SLE and subsequent diagnosis of PRCA was significantly longer than the interval for the initial diagnosis of PRCA, suggesting a delayed onset of SLE in these patients (P=0.042). Various clinical features of the 52 patients were reported, including mostly fatigue, joint pains, Raynaud phenomena and rashes, and SLE maybe combined with autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), thymoma, hypothyroidism and myasthenia gravis (MG). In these reported cases, laboratory indicators showed higher proportions of antinuclear antibody (ANA), anti double stranded DNA antibody (anti-dsDNA antibody), positive urinary protein and low complement levels. Among the 52 patients, 51 cases (98.08%) were treated with glucocorticoids, followed by blood transfusion, cyclosporin A, cyclophosphamide and high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin. Of the 50 patients whose prognoses were reported, 44 showed improvement, while 3 treatments were not effective and 3 resulted in death. This article aims to enhance the understanding of SLE combined with PRCA among doctors.

Keywords: systematic lupus erythrematosus (SLE) ; pure red cell aplasic anemia (PRCA) ; epidemiological characteristic ; clinical characteristic

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陈琼, 方杰, 魏强华. 系统性红斑狼疮合并纯红细胞再生障碍性贫血1例报道及文献复习. 上海交通大学学报(医学版)[J], 2024, 44(2): 278-286 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2024.02.015

CHEN Qiong, FANG Jie, WEI Qianghua. Systemic lupus erythematosus complicated with pure red cell aplasia: a case report and literature review. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Medical Science)[J], 2024, 44(2): 278-286 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2024.02.015

系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)是一种系统性自身免疫病,以全身多系统多脏器受累、反复的复发与缓解、体内存在大量自身抗体为主要临床特点,如不及时治疗,会造成受累脏器不可逆损害。很多SLE患者的整个病程中都贯穿血液系统异常,三系[白细胞(white blood cell,WBC)、血红蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb)和血小板(blood platelet,PLT)]均可受到影响。贫血是SLE最常见的血液学异常,累及超过半数患者1-4。但是,SLE合并纯红细胞再生障碍性贫血(pure red cell aplasia,PRCA)却较罕见,尤其是以PRCA作为首发症状的SLE则更为少见。PRCA是以正细胞正色素性贫血、网织红细胞(reticulocyte,Ret)减少和骨髓中红系前体细胞显著减少或缺如为特征的一种罕见的骨髓单纯红系造血障碍综合征,其粒细胞系和巨核细胞系均未明显累及。PRCA患者通常表现为严重的贫血和非常低的Ret计数5。为了增强临床医师对SLE合并PRCA这类疾病的系统认识,现对上海交通大学医学院附属第一人民医院收治的1例SLE合并PRCA的病例进行报道,并检索1974—2021年文献报道的SLE合并PRCA患者的病例资料,对其进行汇总(共1+51例)和特征分析。

1 病例报道

患者,女,26岁。因“头晕、乏力半月余,晕厥2 d”于2020年11月10日入住上海交通大学医学院附属第一人民医院中医科。患者2020年10月23日无明显诱因下出现耳鸣,伴有头晕、乏力。当日血常规提示中度贫血(Hb中度减少),WBC和PLT正常,建议患者至血液科就诊。10月28日上午患者因乏力加重就诊于血液科。查血常规提示重度贫血,WBC和PLT正常,乳酸脱氢酶(lactic dehydrogenase,LDH)和间接胆红素(indirect bilirubin,I-BIL)明显升高。10月29日凌晨患者突发意识丧失伴有发热,家属呼叫无反应送急诊就诊。入院时患者意识不清,呼之无应答,重度贫血貌,皮肤黏膜无明显出血点及黄染;实验室检查提示极重度贫血,Ret下降,WBC和PLT正常,LDH和I-BIL升高,甲状腺功能减退。予输注洗涤红细胞4 U纠正贫血和抗感染等对症治疗后患者仍有高热,最高至39.2 ℃。10月29日上午患者意识逐渐转清,精神疲软,仍有胸闷气促、头晕头痛、心悸乏力,尿色偏深。当日行骨髓穿刺检查,骨髓涂片提示“急性纯红细胞再生障碍性贫血不能排除”,诊断为“纯红细胞再生障碍性贫血,甲状腺功能减退,感染性发热”。10月30日上午患者自觉乏力头晕减轻,自动出院至外院就诊。当日查血常规提示重度贫血,Ret减少。10月31日再次输注去白红细胞1 U纠正贫血后,再次行骨髓穿刺检查。骨髓涂片示有核细胞正常增生,红细胞系极度减少,粒细胞系、巨核细胞系大致正常骨髓象(考虑PRCA可能)。流式细胞术显示:送检样本中未检测到明显异常免疫表型细胞。骨髓活检病理:结合免疫组织化学,骨髓增生活跃,粒细胞系与红细胞系比值明显增高(53.17∶1),红细胞系增生极度减少(占1.2%),未见原始细胞、幼稚细胞,浆细胞明显增多和聚集。初步诊断“获得性纯红细胞再生障碍性贫血”。自11月1日起予每日2次环孢素A(100 mg/次)口服抑制免疫治疗。11月2日查血常规提示Hb较前上升,Ret减少;免疫学检查:抗核抗体(antinuclear antibody,ANA)核颗粒型(1∶320)(+),ANA核均质型(1∶320)(+),抗核糖体P蛋白抗体(+),抗干燥综合征A(anti-Sjögren syndrome A,anti-SSA)抗体(+),抗线粒体抗体M2亚型抗体(+),抗双链DNA(double stranded DNA,dsDNA)抗体(+),补体C3、C4明显降低,免疫球蛋白IgG 19.1 g/L(↑),直接库姆斯试验(直接Coombs test)(+)。心脏超声示心包积液。患者既往有桥本氏甲状腺炎导致甲状腺功能减退病史,有多器官累及,考虑结缔组织病可能。但患者此时24 h尿蛋白105.39 mg,考虑PRCA与SLE相关,于11月2日起予每日2次醋酸泼尼松片(25 mg/次)联合环孢素A(100 mg/次)抑制免疫,11月4日Hb恢复至90 g/L后,又进行性下降至72 g/L(11月9日),并且Ret减少,遂转入我院。患者12年前甲状腺功能减退,长期口服优甲乐治疗,自10月30日已停用。患者11月11日入院时头晕乏力,时有胸闷心悸,自发病以来无皮疹、无光过敏、无关节肿痛、无口腔溃疡、无脱发等,食欲、睡眠可,大小便正常,体质量较前未见明显变化。体格检查:神志清楚,精神稍萎,贫血貌,全身皮肤无瘀斑瘀点。患者此次入院,实验室检查示LDH和I-BIL正常,补体均减少,直接库姆斯试验(+),IgG抗体(+),抗C3d抗体(+),ANA (1∶2 000)、抗SSA抗体、抗核小体抗体、抗组蛋白抗体、抗核糖体P蛋白抗体、抗dsDNA抗体均阳性;24 h尿蛋白0.23 g(↑)。心脏超声:极少量心包积液。治疗继续予口服环孢素A(100 mg/次,每日2次)+强的松(25 mg/次,每日2次)+奥美拉唑(40 mg/次,每日1次)。根据患者入院后的辅助检查诊断为SLE合并PRCA,SLE疾病活动指数(SLE disease activity index,SLEDAI)评分为7分,予静脉滴注甲强龙(80 mg/次,每日2次)、口服环孢素A(100 mg/次,每日2次)抑制免疫,以及骨化三醇、碳酸钙改善骨代谢。11月16日患者头晕乏力及心悸减轻,血常规提示Hb和Ret较前升高。予环孢素A维持有效血药浓度(150.3 ng/mL),甲强龙减量至每日1次(80 mg/次)静脉滴注。11月18日患者自觉头晕乏力明显减轻,复查Hb 77 g/L(↓),Ret 13.85%(↑)。经过治疗后,患者Hb较治疗前增加30 g/L以上,遂予激素减量至口服强的松每日3次(每次剂量分别为20、20、10 mg),继续服用环孢素A(每日2次,100 mg/次)。11月20日患者病情好转出院。出院后1年随访,患者长期服用强的松12.5 mg/d,环孢素A(早50 mg,晚25 mg)维持治疗中,定期复查血常规均正常(图1)。

图1

图1   病情变化和治疗过程图

Note: CsA—cyclosporine A; Pred—prednisone; MPS—methylprednisolone; Hb—hemoglobin; Ret—reticulocyte.

Fig 1   Process of disease change and treatment


2 文献复习

2.1 文献检索策略

以“系统性红斑狼疮”“纯红细胞再生障碍性贫血”“病例”为检索词,检索万方数据、中国知网、维普数据库从建库至2021年报道的相关文献。以“systemic lupus erythematosus”“SLE”“pure red cell aplastic anemia”“PRCA”“case report”为检索词,检索PubMed数据库从建库至2021年报道的相关文献。通过阅读文题、摘要及全文,排除资料报道不完整的病例,最终纳入文献47篇,包含51例(国内13例,国外38例)病例(表16-52以及本报道国内1例,一共52例SLE合并PRCA患者的资料,均无重复病例。

表1   51例病例资料

Tab 1  Data of the 51 cases

First authorPublished yearOrigin of the caseCase sample/nGenderAge/yearReference
ZHANG L2005China1F6[6]
ZHANG G C1991China1M44[7]
XIE Q B2002China2M/F54/56[8]
CHEN N N2006China1F26[9]
LIU G Q2005China2F/F41/31[10]
HUANG R W1998China1F43[11]
LIU W F1999China1F21[12]
LIU Y2017China1M19[13]
NI X2011China1F37[14]
MITSUNAKA H1998Japan1F68[15]
IWADATE H2006Japan1F43[16]
HABIB G S2002Iseral1F31[17]
LINARDAKI G D1999Greece2F/F21/28[18]
KOYAMA R V2014Brazil1F52[19]
CHOI B G2002Korea1F31[20]
DUCHMANN R1995Germany1F63[21]
FRANCIS D A1982UK1F64[22]
OKADA H1994Japan1M43[23]
MAVRAGANI C P2003Greece1F38[24]
KIELY P D1995India2F/F22/33[25]
ATZENI F2003Italy1F50[26]
DUARTE-SALAZAR C2000Mexico1F21[27]
CHAN A Y K2005Hongkong, China1F59[28]
IDEGUCHI H2007Japan1F82[29]
SUZUKI T2003Japan1F54[30]
GUPTA R K2011Vietnam1F23[31]
FRANZÉN P1987Finland1F24[32]
HECK L W1985USA1F17[33]
HARA A2008Japan1F42[34]
MARMONT A M2014Italy1F45[35]
MEYER R J1978China1F56[36]
FALLAHI S2014Iran1F54[37]
ARCASOY M O2005USA1F34[38]
MOLLAEIAN A2020African1M65[39]
BISWAL N2007India1F9[40]
NAKAMURA H2010Japan1F47[41]
ILAN Y1993Iseral1F22[42]
TAKIGAWA M1974Japan1F44[43]
HARADA N1990Japan1F27[44]
ATSUMI T1991Japan1M21[45]
JAREK M J1996USA1F69[46]
MINAMI R2006Japan1F33[47]
MURAYAMA J2006Japan1F48[48]
SAEED M2021Pakistan1F27[49]
TOMAC-STOJMENOVIĆ M2017Croatia1F35[50]
DU A X2006Taiwan, China1F24[51]
JIMENO S A2001Spain1F19[52]

Note: F—female; M—man.

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2.2 统计学分析

采用SPSS 26.0软件对数据进行分析,采用EXCEL 2021软件作图。定性资料用频数(百分率)描述。正态分布的定量资料,用x±s表示,2组间比较采用t检验;不符合正态分布的定量资料,用MQ1Q3)描述,采用非参数检验对数据进行评估。均为双侧检验,P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。

3 52例SLE合并PRCA资料分析

3.1 流行病学特征

图2所示,52例患者中亚洲人居多;以女性为主(46人),占总人数的88.46%,其中育龄期女性占68%,21~30岁年龄段女性人数最多。诊断为SLE时的中位年龄为31.5(5~82)岁,诊断为PRCA时的中位年龄为36.0(6~82)岁。如表2所示,先诊断为SLE的患者22例(43.71%),人数比例最高,其次是同时诊断为SLE和PRCA的18例(34.62%)。先诊断为SLE、先诊断为PRCA和同时诊断为SLE和PRCA的3组患者年龄差异无统计学意义。先诊断为SLE与先诊断为PRCA的2个诊断间隔时间差异具有统计学意义(P=0.042),先诊断为SLE的患者诊断间隔时间明显长于先诊断为PRCA的患者。

图2

图2   病例来源地区分布(左)及女性患者年龄分布(右)

Fig 2   Regional distribution of cases (left) and age distribution of female patients (right)


表2   诊断为SLE/PRCA时的患者特征

Tab 2  Characteristics of patients diagnosed with SLE/PRCA

Demographic dataNumber of patient/n (%)Age/yearInterval between two diagnoses/year
Diagnosed as SLE first22 (43.71)35.77±14.196.95±5.64
Diagnosed as PRCA first12 (23.08)30.83±16.243.22±2.92
Diagnosed as SLE and PRCA simultaneously18 (34.62)37.22±16.510

Note:P=0.042, compared with the "Diagnosed as PRCA first".

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3.2 临床特征及实验室指标

52例患者临床表现多样,以SLE相关表现为主,其中乏力30例(57.69%)、关节痛32例(61.54%)、皮疹21例(40.38%)、雷诺现象4例(7.69%)。52例SLE合并PRCA的患者中有6例有自身免疫性溶血性贫血(autoimmune hemolytic anemia,AIHA)(11.54%),8例存在胸腺瘤(15.38%),5例存在甲状腺功能减退(9.62%)、3例(5.77%)存在重症肌无力。实验室指标(表3)显示,有报道的病例中,ANA阳性、抗dsDNA抗体阳性、尿蛋白阳性和低补体水平的人数比例均较高。44例患者在诊断为PRCA时的平均Ret为0.41%,平均Hb为49.28 g/L。

表3   实验室指标

Tab 3  Laboratory indicators

Laboratory indicator

Positive case/

reported case/n

Positive

rate/%

ANA47/47100.00
Anti-dsDNA antibody38/4388.37
Hypocomplementemia32/3982.05
Urinary protein23/3369.69
ACA10/2050.00
Anti-Sm antibody7/1838.89

Note: ANA—antinuclear antibody; Anti-dsDNA antibody—anti double stranded DNA antibody; ACA—anticardiolipin antibody.

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3.3 治疗及预后

52例患者中有51例接受糖皮质激素作为一线治疗,占比98.08%,最大剂量为甲强龙500 mg/d;其次依次为输血治疗、环孢素A、环磷酰胺、高剂量静脉注射免疫球蛋白等(表4)。50例患者中,预后好转44例(88%)、无效3例(6%)、死亡3例(6%),均无复发。

表4   治疗措施

Tab 4  Treatment measures

TreatmentNumber of patient/n (%)
GC51 (98.08)
BT34 (65.38)
CsA13 (25.00)
IVIG9 (17.31)
CTX9 (17.31)
HCQ8 (15.38)
EPO5 (9.62)
AZA5 (9.62)
MMF2 (3.85)
PE2 (3.85)
RTX2 (3.85)
MTX1 (1.92)

Note: GC—glucocorticoid; BT—blood transfusion; CsA—cyclosporine A; IVIG—high dose intravenous immunoglobulin; CTX—cyclophosphamide; HCQ—hydroxychloroquine; EPO—erythropoietin; AZA—azathioprine; MMF—mycophenolate mofetil; PE—plasma exchange; RTX—rituximab; MTX—methotrexate.

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4 讨论

SLE可累及多个系统,临床表现各异。多种病因可以导致SLE患者出现贫血,如慢性炎症、营养缺乏(铁缺乏、维生素B12缺乏)、药物抑制、肾功能障碍、自身免疫性溶血、免疫性获得性再生障碍性贫血等。值得注意的是,这些贫血的原因并非相互排斥,部分患者可能同时存在多个因素。PRCA患者一般起病隐匿,由于其外周血中缺乏Ret,且骨髓中红细胞前体显著减少或者缺如,随着循环中的红细胞逐渐凋亡而无更替补充,机体逐渐无法代偿降低的携氧能力,PRCA患者会逐渐表现出贫血体征。但是在SLE合并PRCA的患者中,可能同时存在多种贫血原因,从而加速、加重患者的病程。例如本例患者病初即出现明显的乏力心悸、尿色加深,Hb水平迅速下降,LDH、I-BIL明显升高,直接Coombs试验阳性,Ret明显降低,骨髓涂片不能排除有急性PRCA,表现出起病急重、变化迅速的特点。这些表现提示患者在疾病早期可能同时出现骨髓中红系增生减少和外周红细胞遭破坏而出现溶血的状况,故其病初即为SLE合并AIHA和PRCA。患者经治疗后溶血得以缓解,然其Ret及Hb仍居低不升,SLEDAI评分为7分,提示PRCA可能继发于SLE,控制SLE疾病活动尤为关键。PRCA与SLE之间的联系很罕见,因此我们检索了1974—2021年文献报道的SLE合并PRCA患者51例,加上本文报道的病例1例,共对52例资料进行如下特征分析。

4.1 流行病学特征

获得性PRCA极为少见,其患病率尚不明确。韩国一项研究53发现PRCA的粗患病率为5.28例/100万人,然而目前缺乏跨人群的流行病学数据。本文汇总的52例患者中,亚洲人居多,以女性为主,其中育龄期女性占比最大,这与SLE的流行病学特点相类似。患者诊断为SLE时的中位年龄(31.5岁)早于诊断为PRCA时的中位年龄(36.0岁),先诊断为SLE的人数比例最高。并且先诊断为SLE后诊断为PRCA的诊断间隔时间(约6年)明显长于先诊断为PRCA的间隔时间(约3年)。这可能是由于现代临床疾病检出技术的进步,可以早期诊断出SLE。此外,贫血是SLE最常见的血液学异常,可贯穿整个病程。若未与临床信息全面结合分析,忽视必要的血液学鉴别手段,极易漏诊PRCA或者误诊为单纯的血液系统疾病。同理,对于初诊在血液科就诊的年轻女性PRCA患者,若伴有皮肤、关节表现时,也应积极完善相关免疫抗体检查,避免漏诊SLE。

4.2 临床特征及实验室指标改变

获得性PRCA主要是由于药物、病毒、抗体或者免疫细胞等攻击红系祖细胞、红细胞生成素或其受体等,抑制红系细胞增殖和分化成熟,从而导致发病;该病多为免疫性,可继发于不同疾病,如SLE、类风湿关节炎、炎症性肠病等5。获得性PRCA具有多病因性和异质性的特点,患者常无特异性体征,合并SLE者的临床表现多以乏力、关节痛、皮疹为首发表现。实验室检查结果中均以免疫指标异常为主:ANA阳性、抗dsDNA抗体阳性、尿蛋白阳性和低补体水平的人数比例均较高,平均Hb浓度处于重度贫血水平,Ret百分比明显减少。这可能由于外周血液循环中红细胞寿命一般为120 d,每日红细胞丢失速率仅约为1/120,足以让机体有时间代偿以适应慢性缺氧环境,故对于SLE合并PRCA患者易忽视其贫血的治疗。只有处于重度贫血导致严重缺氧时,机体失去代偿,出现明显贫血表现,才会触发患者的就医需求。根据本研究文献统计,52例报道的病例中有6例合并AIHA,8例合并胸腺瘤,5例合并甲状腺功能减退,3例合并重症肌无力。如本文中PRCA、AIHA、甲状腺功能减退相关的SLE的病例鲜有报道。

4.3 治疗及预后

PRCA的主要治疗目标是恢复红细胞生成,从而减少输血,避免输血相关的问题。免疫源性SLE合并PRCA的发病机制为免疫抑制治疗提供了理论依据,其临床治疗策略和预后分别与基础疾病和病程相关。因此,除了必要的输血支持治疗之外,应尽早对此类患者开始免疫抑制治疗。文献报道中的治疗方案通常侧重于序贯使用各种免疫抑制治疗,直至病情缓解后逐渐减少用药。52例患者中,98.08%均接受糖皮质激素治疗,最大剂量为甲强龙500 mg/d,其次依次为输血治疗、环孢素A、环磷酰胺、高剂量静脉注射免疫球蛋白等。其中环孢素A目前被认为是获得性PRCA的一线治疗用药,有效率为65%~87%,推荐剂量为3~5 mg/(kg·d)5。但是由于环孢素A具有肾毒性,用药过程中应注意监测血药浓度和肾功能。本例患者应用环孢素A联合糖皮质激素治疗3周后疗效明显,Hb较前增加30 g/L以上,Ret明显升高,后期随访中亦维持正常水平,但尚缺乏完全停药后复查骨髓象的评估反馈。汇总的文献报道中,仅2例应用利妥昔单克隆抗体治疗,其中1例疗效满意;1例治疗无反应后改糖皮质激素联合环孢素A和吗替麦考酚酯治疗,遂病情好转。随着更多SLE发病机制的关键通路被揭示,多种靶向治疗(如生物制剂、小分子制剂、T细胞免疫疗法等)被开发和应用。这些靶向治疗是否能成为SLE合并PRCA患者的选择,其诱导缓解持续时间和维持治疗时间该如何确定,有赖于进一步的临床研究。

SLE合并PRCA患者的预后不仅受自然病程的影响,还受并发症的影响。如多次输血可能导致铁过载;糖皮质激素和免疫抑制剂的应用,可导致感染、骨质疏松等风险增加。50例病例报道了预后情况,其中44例好转;3例无效,继续输血治疗;3例死亡(2例死于感染,1例死于肺栓塞)。因此,SLE合并PRCA的治疗需要个体化、动态化,及时评估,观察远期疗效,尽量减少复发和治疗相关的不良反应。

综上所述,SLE合并PRCA的报道较少,流行病学特征提示亚洲育龄期女性多发;临床以SLE相关表现为主,亦可合并其他疾病;治疗方面,在输血支持治疗的基础上,多以糖皮质激素联合免疫抑制剂为主。虽然文献报道中的患者最终预后多好转,但34例患者历时3~6年才确诊为SLE合并PRCA。这提示临床诊疗中,只有充分详细的病史采集、体格检查,以及结合实验室检查才能避免误诊、漏诊,从而为患者带来最大的临床获益。

作者贡献声明

魏强华、陈琼参与试验设计;陈琼、方杰参与论文的写作和修改。所有作者均阅读并同意了最终稿件的提交。

AUTHOR's CONTRIBUTIONS

The study was designed by WEI Qianghua and Chen Qiong. The manuscript was drafted and revised by Chen Qiong and Fang Jie. All the authors have read the last version of paper and consented for submission.

利益冲突声明

所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。

COMPETING INTERESTS

All authors disclose no relevant conflict of interests.

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