目前乳腺癌已成为全球最常见的严重威胁女性健康的疾病，早期诊治至关重要。超声弹性成像（ultrasonic elastography，UE）作为超声领域的新技术，发展迅速且应用广泛。其在二维超声基础上提供组织软硬度信息，以弹性图形式直观表现硬度分布，而组织软硬度与病理组成密切相关，故为鉴别乳腺病灶良恶性提供重要依据。该文就多种UE技术在鉴别乳腺病灶良恶性中的病理基础及应用进展逐一进行综述。

At present, breast cancer has become the most common female malignancy badly threatening health around the world, which suggests that early diagnosis and treatment are crucial. As a new ultrasound technique, ultrasonic elastography (UE) has developed rapidly and been applied widely. UE provides more significant information about tissue elasticity characteristics on the basis of B-mode ultrasound, and elasticity imagings show stiffness distribution of tissues directly. At the same time, tissue elasticity characteristics are closely associated with pathological component. Therefore, UE provides an important basis for clinical differential diagnosis of breast lesions. This paper reviews pathologic basis and application progress of UE in differential diagnosis of benign and malignant breast lesions.