Progress in the influence of prenatal exposure to phthalates on placental function and its mechanism

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2021.09.020

Abstract

Abstract:

Phthalates (PAEs) are widespread in life and are a class of environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs). The abundance of hormone receptors makes the placenta highly sensitive to EEDs. During pregnancy, women can be exposed to PAEs, and their metabolites can pass through the placenta and affect its function by interfering with hormone receptors.The dysfunction of placenta will result in fetal growth restriction or, if more severe, fetal death. Functional placental disruptions linked to phthalates exposures include invasion/migration, oxidative stress, cell differentiation/apoptosis, hormone secretion and lipid accumulation.In this paper, the exposure level of PAEs during pregnancy is summarized, the mechanism for the effect of phthalates on placenta is reviewed, and the possible limitations of these studies are discussed, aiming to provide insights for further studies on the potential molecular mechanism through which PAEs disrupt placental function.

Key words: phthalate (PAE), environmental endocrine disruptor (EED), prenatal exposure, placental dysfunction

CLC Number:

Qian-long ZHANG, Ying TIAN. Progress in the influence of prenatal exposure to phthalates on placental function and its mechanism[J]. JOURNAL OF SHANGHAI JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY (MEDICAL SCIENCE), 2021, 41(9): 1261-1266.

Figures/Tables 1

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References 58

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Country	Number	Gestational period	Metabolite of PAEs								Reference
Country	Number	Gestational period	MMP	MEP	MnBP	MiBP	MBzP	MDEHP	MCOP	Unit	Reference
China	3 103	≤14 weeks	11.99	11.99	47.27		0.08	13.9		µg·g^-1；median	［16］
China	210	≤12 weeks		8.30	19.72	11.59		40.09		ng·mL^-1；GM	［12］
China	210	13‒27weeks		6.09	27.77	10.69		43.93		ng·mL^-1；GM	［12］
China	210	28‒40 weeks		4.42	24.67	9.73		35.13		ng·mL^-1；GM	［12］
Japan	111	9‒40weeks	5.7	7.75	46.6		3.57	18.5		ng·mL^-1；median	［17］
America	446	20‒28 weeks	1.6	41.1	9.4	7.1	5.5	75.5	20.5	µg·g^-1；GM	［18］
America	378	18‒22 weeks	1.92	47.0	13.7	9.57	9.47	14.01		ng·mL^-1；median	［19］
America	50	≤12 weeks，22‒24 weeks	1.3	68.7	17.9	1.6	7.7	38.0		ng·mL^-1；median	［20］
America	596	Progestation		40.8	10.4	6.5	2.7	47.0		ng·mL^-1；median	［4］
America	132	6，21 and 35 weeks		37.7	10.2	6.3	2.5	36.1		ng·mL^-1；median	［4］
America	380	18‒22 weeks， 24‒32 weeks	2.2	46.7	16.3	10.8	11.9	92.8/（nmol·L^-1）		ng·mL^-1；median	［21］
America	168	≤13 weeks		30.37	6.04	3.46	2.98	65.58	15.40	ng·mL^-1；GM	［22］
America	168	14‒27 weeks		28.14	5.36	4.03	2.94	64.43	12.19	ng·mL^-1；GM	［22］
America	168	≥28 weeks		28.14	6.98	5.34	3.31	69.91/（nmol·L^-1）	13.32	ng·mL^-1；GM	［22］
America	753	≤13 weeks		28.4	6.36	3.97	3.31	71.7/（nmol·L^-1）	14.5	ng·mL^-1；GM	［23］
Canada	2 000	˂13 weeks	ND	28.00	12.00		5.20	18.1		ng·mL^-1；median	［24］
Canada	370	≤13 weeks	ND	25.00	12.00		5.40	57.50/（nmol·L^-1）		ng·mL^-1；median	［25］
Netherlands	100	≥20 weeks	ND	222.0	62.2	57.1	11.7	76.9		µg·g^-1；median	［26］
Norway	116	13‒27 weeks		55.0	25.0	20.0	11.0	66.0		ng·mL^-1；median	［27］
Spain	391	≤12 weeks		246.0	27.1	28.4	10.6	87.8		µg·g^-1；median	［28］
Spain	391	28‒40 weeks		386.0	28.1	29.8	10.0	80.0		µg·g^-1；median	［28］
France	473	23‒29 weeks		94.0	43.4	39.4	18.2	330.0/（nmol·L^-1）	3.86	ng·mL^-1；median	［5］
Greece	239	10‒13 weeks		132.6	33.2	38.7	7.0	47.6		µg·g^-1；median	［29］

Country	Number	Gestational period	Metabolite of PAEs								Reference
Country	Number	Gestational period	MMP	MEP	MnBP	MiBP	MBzP	MDEHP	MCOP	Unit	Reference
China	3 103	≤14 weeks	11.99	11.99	47.27		0.08	13.9		µg·g^-1；median	［16］
China	210	≤12 weeks		8.30	19.72	11.59		40.09		ng·mL^-1；GM	［12］
China	210	13‒27weeks		6.09	27.77	10.69		43.93		ng·mL^-1；GM	［12］
China	210	28‒40 weeks		4.42	24.67	9.73		35.13		ng·mL^-1；GM	［12］
Japan	111	9‒40weeks	5.7	7.75	46.6		3.57	18.5		ng·mL^-1；median	［17］
America	446	20‒28 weeks	1.6	41.1	9.4	7.1	5.5	75.5	20.5	µg·g^-1；GM	［18］
America	378	18‒22 weeks	1.92	47.0	13.7	9.57	9.47	14.01		ng·mL^-1；median	［19］
America	50	≤12 weeks，22‒24 weeks	1.3	68.7	17.9	1.6	7.7	38.0		ng·mL^-1；median	［20］
America	596	Progestation		40.8	10.4	6.5	2.7	47.0		ng·mL^-1；median	［4］
America	132	6，21 and 35 weeks		37.7	10.2	6.3	2.5	36.1		ng·mL^-1；median	［4］
America	380	18‒22 weeks， 24‒32 weeks	2.2	46.7	16.3	10.8	11.9	92.8/（nmol·L^-1）		ng·mL^-1；median	［21］
America	168	≤13 weeks		30.37	6.04	3.46	2.98	65.58	15.40	ng·mL^-1；GM	［22］
America	168	14‒27 weeks		28.14	5.36	4.03	2.94	64.43	12.19	ng·mL^-1；GM	［22］
America	168	≥28 weeks		28.14	6.98	5.34	3.31	69.91/（nmol·L^-1）	13.32	ng·mL^-1；GM	［22］
America	753	≤13 weeks		28.4	6.36	3.97	3.31	71.7/（nmol·L^-1）	14.5	ng·mL^-1；GM	［23］
Canada	2 000	˂13 weeks	ND	28.00	12.00		5.20	18.1		ng·mL^-1；median	［24］
Canada	370	≤13 weeks	ND	25.00	12.00		5.40	57.50/（nmol·L^-1）		ng·mL^-1；median	［25］
Netherlands	100	≥20 weeks	ND	222.0	62.2	57.1	11.7	76.9		µg·g^-1；median	［26］
Norway	116	13‒27 weeks		55.0	25.0	20.0	11.0	66.0		ng·mL^-1；median	［27］
Spain	391	≤12 weeks		246.0	27.1	28.4	10.6	87.8		µg·g^-1；median	［28］
Spain	391	28‒40 weeks		386.0	28.1	29.8	10.0	80.0		µg·g^-1；median	［28］
France	473	23‒29 weeks		94.0	43.4	39.4	18.2	330.0/（nmol·L^-1）	3.86	ng·mL^-1；median	［5］
Greece	239	10‒13 weeks		132.6	33.2	38.7	7.0	47.6		µg·g^-1；median	［29］

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