上海交通大学学报(医学版), 2023, 43(2): 201-207 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2023.02.009

论著 · 临床研究

上颌窦动脉解剖结构的锥形术计算机断层扫描分析

吴炯睿,1,2, 高益鸣,1,2

1.上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院口腔科,上海 200025

2.上海交通大学口腔医学院,上海 200125

Cone-beam CT analysis of anatomical structure of maxillary sinus arteries

WU Jiongrui,1,2, GAO Yiming,1,2

1.Department of Stomatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China

2.Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Stomatology, Shanghai 200125, China

通讯作者: 高益鸣,电子信箱:drgaoym@163.com

编委: 崔黎明

收稿日期: 2022-09-19   接受日期: 2023-02-13   网络出版日期: 2023-02-28

Corresponding authors: GAO Yiming, E-mail:drgaoym@163.com.

Received: 2022-09-19   Accepted: 2023-02-13   Online: 2023-02-28

作者简介 About authors

吴炯睿,女(1996—),住院医师,硕士;电子信箱:1477750794@qq.com。 E-mail:1477750794@qq.com

摘要

目的·通过锥形术计算机断层扫描(cone-beam CT,CBCT)测量分析上颌窦动脉解剖结构。方法·对1 021例因牙列缺损或缺失至上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院行种植手术患者的双侧上颌窦中的上颌窦动脉(maxillary sinus artery,MSA)进行观测。在CBCT骨窗视图,测量第二前磨牙(P2)、第一磨牙(M1)、第二磨牙(M2)牙位中线处MSA骨孔与骨壁间的位置关系,并将其走形类型分为窦内型(位于上颌窦黏膜下方)、骨内型(完全位于上颌窦侧壁内)、表浅型(位于上颌窦外侧壁骨膜下方)3类;测量MSA骨孔直径(diameter of the MSA,DMSA)、MSA骨孔下缘至上颌窦底距离(distance between the lower margin of the vessel and the sinus floor,DVSF);测量M1牙位中线处上颌窦底上方5 mm处的上颌窦侧壁厚度及上颌窦宽度;测量上颌窦底上方10 mm处上颌窦内外侧壁与上颌窦底最低点形成的角度,即上颌窦角度。对不同性别、不同年龄患者的MSA走形位置变异、走形类型、DMSA和DVSF的差异进行统计分析。同时分别对MSA的DMSA及DVSF与上颌窦侧壁厚度、上颌窦宽度、上颌窦角度之间的相关性进行统计分析。结果·① MSA走形位置变异:在1 021例患者中,共42例(4.1%)患者的MSA走形于上颌窦侧壁、紧贴上颌窦底部,其中14例(33.3%)为双侧MSA,28例(66.7%)为单侧MSA;7例(0.7%)患者的MSA走形于上颌窦底根方牙槽骨内,其中1例(14.3%)为双侧MSA,6例(85.7%)为单侧MSA。② MSA走形类型:窦内型占36.5%,骨内型占60.4%,表浅型占3.1%。中年患者中骨内型检出率(63.0%)高于青年和老年患者(P=0.005)。③ DMSA:M1牙位的DMSA最大,为(1.42±0.44)mm。男性在P2、M1、M2牙位的DMSA均大于女性。在P2、M1牙位均发现上颌窦侧壁厚度与DMSA呈弱正相关(r=0.2,r=0.2)。在M1牙位发现上颌窦宽度、上颌窦角度均与DMSA呈弱负相关(r=-0.1,r=-0.2)。④ DVSF:自M2至P2方向,DVSF逐渐降低。男性在P2、M2牙位的DVSF均大于女性。在M1牙位发现上颌窦侧壁厚度、上颌窦宽度均与DVSF呈弱负相关(r=-0.3,r=-0.1)。结论·MSA走形位置变异可发生于上颌窦底及上颌窦底根方的牙槽骨中。随着患者年龄增大,MSA走形类型由窦内型向骨内型转变。男性患者的DMSA较女性更大,动脉出血风险更大;在较厚的上颌窦侧壁中能观测到较大的DMSA,而当上颌窦宽度和角度越大时,DMSA越小。男性患者的DVSF较女性更大,当上颌窦侧壁越厚或当上颌窦宽度越大时,DVSF越小。

关键词: 上颌窦动脉 ; 锥形术计算机断层扫描 ; 上颌窦底提升术 ; 解剖变异

Abstract

Objective ·To analyze the anatomical structural characteristics of maxillary sinus artery (MSA) by cone-beam CT (CBCT) measurement. Methods ·The MSAs in the bilateral maxillary sinuses were observed in 1 021 patients who went to Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, for implant surgery due to dentition defect or loss. In the CBCT bone window view, the position between the MSA foramen and the bone wall at the midline of the second premolar (P2), the first molar (M1), and the second molar (M2) was measured, and the intrasinus (the artery was located below the mucosa of maxillary sinus), intraosseous (the artery was completely located in the lateral wall of maxillary sinus), and superficial (the artery was located below the periost of the lateral wall of maxillary sinus) types of their location were classified. The distance between the upper and lower edges of the MSA foramen was measured as the diameter of the artery (DMSA). The distance between the lower margin of the vessel and the sinus floor (DVSF) was measured. The lateral wall thickness of maxillary sinus and the width of maxillary sinus at 5 mm above the maxillary sinus floor at the middle line of the M1 tooth position were measured, and the angle formed by the internal and external side walls of maxillary sinus at 10 mm above the lowest point of maxillary sinus floor was measured. The differences of variability of MSA position, MSA shape type, DMSA and DVSF in patients of different genders and ages were statistically analyzed. At the same time, the correlation between DMSA and DVSF of MSA and the lateral wall thickness, width and angle of maxillary sinus were statistically analyzed. Results ·① Variability of MSA position: In the 1 021 patients, 42 patients (4.1%) had MSA located at the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus and close to the maxillary sinus floor, of which 14 patients (33.3%) had bilateral MSA, and 28 patients (66.7%) had unilateral MSA. Seven patients (0.7%) had MSA located in the alveolar bone below the maxillary sinus floor, of which 1 case (14.3%) had MSA located in the alveolar bone bilaterally, and 6 cases (85.7%) had MSA located in the alveolar bone unilaterally. ② MSA shape type: The intrasinus type accounted for 36.5%, the intraosseous type accounted for 60.4%, and the superficial type accounted for 3.1%. The proportion of intraosseous type in middle-aged patients (63.0%) was higher than that in young and elderly patients (P=0.005). ③ DMSA: DMSA was the largest in M1 tooth position, which was (1.42±0.44) mm. The DMSAs of males in P2, M1 and M2 tooth position were bigger than those of females. There was a weak positive correlation between the lateral wall thickness of maxillary sinus and DMSA in P2 and M1 tooth position (r =0.2, r =0.2). In M1 tooth position, the width and angle of maxillary sinus were weakly negatively correlated with DMSA (r =-0.1, r =-0.2). ④DVSF: DVSF decreased gradually from M2 to P2. The DVSFs of males in P2 and M2 tooth position were larger than those of females. There was a weak negative correlation between the lateral wall thickness of maxillary sinus and DVSF in M1 tooth position (r =-0.3). There was a weak negative correlation between the width of maxillary sinus and DVSF in M1 position (r =-0.1). Conclusion ·The position of MSA may vary in the alveolar bone at the maxillary sinus floor and at the alveolar bone. With the increasing of age, the shape type of MSA changes from intrasinus type to intraosseous type.Male patients have greater DMSA and greater risk of arterial bleeding than women. The larger DMSA can be observed in the thicker lateral wall of maxillary sinus, while the DMSA is smaller when the width and angle of maxillary sinus is larger. The DVSF in men is larger than that in women, and the DVSF is smaller in the thicker lateral wall of maxillary sinus or when the width of maxillary sinus is larger.

Keywords: maxillary sinus artery (MSA) ; cone-beam CT (CBCT) ; maxillary sinus floor elevation ; anatomic variation

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吴炯睿, 高益鸣. 上颌窦动脉解剖结构的锥形术计算机断层扫描分析. 上海交通大学学报(医学版)[J], 2023, 43(2): 201-207 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2023.02.009

WU Jiongrui, GAO Yiming. Cone-beam CT analysis of anatomical structure of maxillary sinus arteries. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Medical Science)[J], 2023, 43(2): 201-207 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2023.02.009

在上颌后牙区进行种植术时,常会出现牙槽骨窦嵴距不足的情况,经外侧壁入路的上颌窦底提升术已经成为针对窦嵴距过小而无法进行常规种植患者进行垂直骨增量的临床常用手段。在经外侧壁入路的上颌窦底提升术中,术中出血为常见的并发症,而引起大量出血的原因在于上颌窦动脉(maxillary sinus artery,MSA)的破损。MSA走形于上颌窦底提升术开窗区域附近,该动脉直径、走形位置等存在解剖变异。据统计,在经外侧壁入路的上颌窦底提升术中,由于MSA的血管解剖特性,骨内动脉损伤和出血的发生率可达20%1。现有研究2-3表明:MSA的走形类型、血管直径、血管至上颌窦底壁的距离为影响上颌窦底提升术的术中出血的重要因素。

本研究通过锥形术计算机断层扫描(cone-beam CT,CBCT)对大样本量人群的MSA进行观测,获取高清晰度及分辨率的MSA图像,采用流行病学方法对该人群MSA的解剖特点进行数据统计,推断可能影响MSA解剖变异的因素及分析不同解剖结构之间是否存在相互影响,以期为指导经外侧壁入路的上颌窦底提升术减少出血风险提供参考依据。

1 对象与方法

1.1 研究对象

选择2020年1月至2022年2月于上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院口腔科就诊,因行种植术而拍摄CBCT的患者1 021例作为研究对象。男性494例,女性527例。年龄18~88岁,平均年龄(47.9±5.6)岁。

纳入标准:①上颌窦无炎症、肿瘤、外伤、手术史及其他病变。②上颌窦周围无种植体及金属修复体。③上颌窦气化、形态、密度正常,图像清晰,无明显畸形。排除标准:①患者未满18周岁。②图像扫描范围不全。

1.2 材料与方法

1.2.1 仪器设备及测量软件

通过CBCT扫描仪(Accuitomo 170,森田,日本)进行图像采集,并由其自带软件进行观测及分析。扫描参数:电压220 V,输入功率2 kVA,频率50 Hz,采集图像时间15 s。扫描图像层厚 0.25 mm。

1.2.2 CBCT拍摄标准

头颅固定,眶耳平面平行于地面,后牙处于牙尖交错位,颌平面和正中矢状面与光标重叠。扫描范围:眶下缘至下颌骨下缘。

基准平面确定,在骨窗下调整矢状面视图,使前鼻棘至硬腭后缘连线与水平观测线平行,切换至水平面视图显露患者硬腭切牙孔及腭中线,调整冠状面视图使垂直观测线平分切牙孔并与腭中线重叠。

1.2.3 影像测量内容

(1)上颌窦侧壁厚度(lateral wall thickness,LWF):参照MONJE等4的方法,测量冠状位上第二前磨牙(the second premolar,P2)、第一磨牙(the first molar,M1)、第二磨牙(the second molar,M2)牙位的上颌窦底最低点上方5 mm处上颌窦侧壁厚度。

(2)MSA走形类型:按照走形位置与上颌窦侧壁的关系,对MSA走形(图1)分类为窦内型(位于上颌窦黏膜下方)、骨内型(完全位于上颌窦侧壁骨壁内)、表浅型(位于上颌窦侧壁骨膜下方)。

图1

图1   MSA走形类型

Note:A. Intrasinus type. B. Intraosseous type. C. Superficial type.

Fig 1   Shape type of MSA


(3)MSA骨孔直径(diameter of MSA,DMSA):参照YANG等5的方法,测量P2、M1、M2冠状位的上颌窦外侧壁血管骨孔顶壁至底壁的距离。

(4)MSA底壁至上颌窦底距离(distance between the lower margin of the vessel and the sinus floor,DVSF):参照YANG等5的方法,测量P2、M1、M2冠状位的MSA骨孔底壁与上颌窦底最低点的距离。

(5)M1牙位上颌窦宽度:测量M1冠状位的上颌窦底最低点上方5 mm处上颌窦宽度。

(6)M1牙位上颌窦角度:参照KALYVAS等6的方法,在M1冠状位,经上颌窦底最低点作一水平切线,该切点为点A,再于切点上方10 mm处作该切线的平行线,该平行线与上颌窦内外侧壁相交于点B、点C,测量∠BAC的角度(图2)。

图2

图2   M1牙位上颌窦角度测量方法

Note: Point A—The bottom of maxillary sinus in M1 tooth position; Point B—The intersection point of the parallel line and the medial wall of maxillary sinus; Point C—The intersection point of the parallel line and the lateral wall of maxillary sinus.

Fig 2   Measurement method of maxillary sinus angle in M1 tooth position


(7)MSA走形位置变异:观测已检出的MSA与上颌窦底的关系,分析动脉走形于上颌窦底壁或上颌窦底根方牙槽骨内有无变异。

所有测量数据均由同一具影像学检查资质专业人员进行3次测量,以其平均值作为最终数据。

1.3 统计学方法

采用SPSS 26.0软件进行分析处理。定量资料以x±s表示。2组间数据比较采用独立样本t检验,根据组间方差是否齐选择方差齐时P值结果或方差不齐经SPSS软件自动校正后P值结果;多组间数据比较采用单因素方差LSD法分析。定量资料以n(%)表示,各组间率的比较采用χ2检验。相关性分析采用Pearson相关性分析。P<0.05时,表示差异具有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 MSA走形位置变异

在1 021例患者中,共观测到42例(4.1%)的MSA走形于上颌窦侧壁,紧贴上颌窦底部(图3A),其中14例(33.3%)患者的MSA为双侧,均位于上颌窦底部,剩余28例(66.7%)患者的MSA为单侧。7例(0.7%)的MSA走形于上颌窦底根方牙槽骨内,其中1例(14.3%)为双侧MSA,6例(85.7%)为单侧MSA;7例中有1例MSA走形位置靠近磨牙根尖区域(图3B)。走形于牙槽骨内的MSA 7例(0.7%)中,有1例动脉底壁距上颌窦底的最大距离为4.14 mm(图3C)。

图3

图3   MSA走形位置变异

Note:A.The MSA was located at the bottom of maxillary sinus. B. The MSA was located in the root apical of molars. C. The MSA was located in the alveolar bone 4.14 mm from maxillary sinus floor.

Fig 3   Variability of the MSA position


2.2 MSA走形类型

对患者双侧上颌窦进行CBCT观测,共检出1 124侧上颌窦的MSA。走形类型最常见的为骨内型(占60.4%),其次为窦内型(占36.5%),表浅型最少(仅占3.1%)。不同性别患者中检出的各MSA走形类型的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。比较不同年龄段患者中各个动脉走形检出率的差异,发现中年组(41~60岁)骨内型检出率较青年组(18~40岁)和老年组(>60岁)略高(P=0.005)。结果见表1

表1   不同性别及不同年龄段MSA走形类型 [n(%)]

Tab 1  Types of MSA in different genders and different age groups [n(%)]

ItemGenderAge
Male (n=544)Female (n=580)χ2 valueP valueYouthful (n=379)Middle-aged (n=387)Aged (n=358)χ2 valueP value
Intrasinus type198 (36.4)212 (36.6)0.0030.957138 (36.4)129 (33.3)143 (39.9)1.3880.500
Intraosseous type324 (60.0)355 (61.2)0.3190.572232 (61.2)244 (63.0)203 (56.7)10.4710.005
Superficial type22 (4.0)13 (2.2)3.0240.0829 (2.4)14 (3.6)12 (3.4)1.4610.482

Note: The number in the table is the number of sides of maxillary sinus.

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2.3 DMSA

利用CBCT观测患者双侧MSA,部分上颌窦中未能检出。在双侧上颌窦P2、M1、M2牙位检测到MSA的数量分别为489、479、963个,总计1 931个。DMSA>3 mm者12个,其中测得最大DMSA为4.19 mm。M1牙位测得的DMSA最大[(1.42±0.44)mm],其次为M2牙位[(1.27±0.41)mm],P2牙位DMSA最小[(1.26±0.42)mm]。男性在不同牙位的DMSA均大于女性组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),不同年龄患者之间DMSA的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结果见表2

表2   不同性别及年龄段在不同牙位的上颌窦DMSA (mm)

Tab 2  DMSA in different gender and age groups in different tooth positions (mm)

Tooth positionGenderAge
MaleFemalet valueP valueYouthfulMiddle-agedAgedF valueP value
P2 (n=489)1.40±0.451.09±0.308.4290.0001.22±0.401.28±0.461.29±0.401.0770.311
M1 (n=479)1.52±0.451.25±0.376.9970.0101.29±0.391.44±0.401.51±0.491.1420.163
M2 (n=963)1.37±0.441.15±0.338.7030.0001.19±0.321.28±0.451.33±0.420.9640.612

Note: The number in the table is the number of detected MSA in different tooth positions.

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P2、M1、M2牙位2 mm≥DMSA>1 mm的MSA分别占64.8%、76.6%、64.8%。当DMSA>2 mm时,出血不能靠血管收缩自行止住7,需要进行即使止血。而当DMSA≤1 mm时,即使不慎术中出血也可自行止血,对手术操作要求较低。对不同牙位DMSA>2 mm者数量占比进行比较,发现各牙位间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对不同牙位DMSA≤1 mm者的占比进行比较,结果显示:M1牙位DMSA≤1 mm者的占比均低于P2、M2牙位(P=0.000);进而两两比较发现,M1与P2之间、M1与M2之间,差异有统计学意义(均P=0.000),P2与M2之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结果见表3

表3   上颌窦DMSA>2 mm及≤1 mm者在不同牙位的分布情况[n(%)]

Tab 3  Distribution of maxillary sinus with DMSA>2 mm and ≤1 mm in different tooth positions [n(%)]

Item

P2

(n=489)

M1

(n=479)

M2

(n=963)

χ2

value

P value
DAAA>2 mm26 (5.3)44 (9.2)64 (6.7)5.8650.053
DAAA≤1 mm146 (29.9)68 (14.2)274 (28.5)41.7160.000

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2.4 DVSF

M2、M1、P2牙位的DVSF逐渐降低,分别为(8.44±3.80)mm、(6.93±3.69)mm、(5.57±3.88)mm。男性在P2、M2牙位的DVSF均大于女性(P<0.05),在M1牙位2组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。不同年龄患者之间DVSF的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结果见表4

表4   不同性别及年龄患者在不同牙位的DVSF (mm)

Tab 4  DVSF in different gender and age groups in different tooth positions (mm)

Tooth positionGenderAge
MaleFemalet valueP valueYouthfulMiddle-agedAgedF valueP value
P2 (n=489)5.82±4.125.30±3.511.5150.0245.97±4.005.71±3.945.15±3.671.0770.311
M1 (n=479)7.15±3.856.54±3.401.7650.0596.96±3.777.15±3.496.62±3.821.0360.420
M2 (n=963)9.01±3.847.79±3.545.0850.0178.49±3.898.67±3.618.08±3.740.9720.619

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当DVSF>9 mm或<2 mm时出血风险相对较小8。为进一步了解DVSF对出血风险的影响,对不同牙位9 mm≥DVSF≥2 mm的MSA占比进行统计分析。P2、M1、M2牙位9 mm≥DVSF≥2 mm的MSA数量(占比)分别为311(63.6%)、316(66.0%)、534(55.5%),差异有统计学意义(P=0.000)。进一步两两比较,发现M2牙位9 mm≥DVSF≥2 mm者占比明显小于P2、M1牙位(P=0.003,P=0.000),P2与M1牙位比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

2.5 LWTDMSADVSF的相关性

在P2、M1、M2牙位分别测量了422、434、949侧上颌窦的LWT。P2、M1、M2牙位LWT分别为(2.47±1.06)mm、(2.72±1.57)mm、(1.64±0.88)mm。

将不同牙位的LWT与DMSA、DVSF分别进行Pearson相关性分析,结果显示:LWT与DMSA在P2、M1牙位呈弱相关(r=0.2,P=0.000;r=0.2,P=0.000);LWT与DVSF在M1牙位呈弱负相关(r=-0.3,P=0.000)。结果见表5

表5   不同牙位LWT与上颌窦DMSADVSF相关性

Tab 5  Correlation between LWT in different tooth positions and maxillary sinus DMSA and DVSF

Tooth positionDMSADVSF
rP valuerP value
P20.20.000-0.10.057
M10.20.000-0.30.000
M20.00.095-0.10.066

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2.6 M1牙位上颌窦宽度与DMSADVSF的相关性

共纳入位于M1牙位479侧上颌窦进行描述统计,其上颌窦宽度为(14.44±3.15)mm。Pearson相关性分析结果显示,M1牙位上颌窦宽度与DMSA和DVSF均呈弱负相关(r=-0.1,P=0.001;r=-0.1,P=0.006)。

2.7 M1牙位上颌窦角度与DMSADVSF相关性

共纳入位于M1牙位的479侧上颌窦进行描述统计,其上颌窦角度为83.72°±12.94°。Pearson相关性分析,M1牙位上颌窦角度与DMSA呈弱负相关(r=-0.2,P=0.001),与DVSF不具有相关性(P>0.05)。

3 讨论

3.1 MSA走形位置变异及走形类型分析

本研究发现MSA走形位置存在变异,多数MSA走形位于上颌窦侧壁,紧贴上颌窦底区域。因此在该区域进行上颌窦外提升术时,分离窦底黏膜需要保证黏膜完整性,必要时可增大骨窗直径以保证术野清晰。此外,MSA走形可位于上颌窦底根方牙槽骨及牙齿根尖区域。如若该侧患牙缺失,种植时应注意植体方向,勿偏颊侧损伤动脉;如若牙槽嵴垂直骨量不足需要上颌窦提升,在进行上颌窦内提升术时需要更加小心。

VARELA-CENTELLES等9对MSA走形类型进行研究发现,MSA通常完全位于骨内,仅<8%位于骨膜下。本研究发现的MSA走形类型与既往研究2结果一致。本研究发现不同年龄患者各MSA走形分布率存在差异,中年人群骨内型动脉的检出率高于青年和老年人群,提示随着年龄改变MSA在上颌窦侧壁的走形位置可能发生改变,推测该改变可能与因缺牙导致的上颌窦气化相关。随着上颌窦气化,上颌窦侧壁吸收,可使原本走形位于窦内型的MSA逐渐向骨内型转变。

3.2 DMSA对出血风险的提示

2 mm≥DMSA>1 mm的MSA占比在22.1%~64.9%不等8,本研究结果与其相近。既往研究7认为,血管直径<1 mm出血风险最小,因为小动脉(<2.0 mm)出血时,反应性血管收缩可降低血流量,出血会逐渐停止;当血管直径>2 mm时,出血的风险较高,血管收缩不足以自行止血。据统计,1 mm≥DMSA>0.5 mm时术中出血概率达10%,而当2 mm≥DMSA>1 mm时出血概率约为57%10。因此,本研究对P2、M1、M2牙位DMSA>2 mm者占比进行了统计,发现各组间差异无统计学意义,认为上颌窦外提升术时出现较大出血的风险与牙位无关。而对P2、M1、M2牙位DMSA≤1 mm者占比统计发现,在M1牙位的DMSA较其他牙位更大,且≤1 mm者占比更少,提示在M1牙位进行上颌窦外提升术时出血风险较大。既往研究11认为当血管直径>3 mm时应避让或进行结扎。若开窗区域血管直径>3 mm,且动脉走形于上颌窦侧壁骨膜下,则应视为上颌窦提升术的禁忌12。本研究中,DMSA>3 mm者较少(12例),但该人群行上颌窦提升术时损伤动脉、无法自行止血的概率较大。总之,上颌窦提升术前必须进DMSA的观测,避免术中发生医源性损伤,造成大出血。此外,本研究发现不同牙位男性DMSA均大于女性,提示男性患者出血概率更大13。有研究14表明DMSA或与年龄相关。本研究未发现不同年龄患者之间DMSA的差异,可能由于不同研究中测量手段差异、人种差异、年龄范围划分不同等原因导致。

3.3 DVSF对出血风险的提示

DANESH-SANI等15对860例患者进行CBCT的回顾性研究发现,MSA的平均DVSF为8.16 mm。本研究统计得出不同牙位(P2、M1、M2)处DVSF略低于文献数值,但与VALENTE16报道的5.8~10.4 mm数值相近。目前测量DVSF的文献较少,是否由于人种差异导致数值不一致还需进一步研究。本研究发现,由P2牙位向M2牙位,DVSF逐渐增大,该结论与WATANABE等17的结果一致。李濠吉等3研究了DVSF与出血风险的关系,发现当DVSF<7 mm时,动脉有26.4%的损伤风险,DVSF>9 mm或<2 mm时出血风险相对较小。因此,本研究对不同牙位9 mm≥DVSF≥2 mm者的占比进行统计比较,得出在P2、M1牙位该占比均高于M2牙位,提示在P2、M1牙位手术出血风险更高。既往大多研究测量MSA骨孔的最低点至牙槽嵴顶的距离,然而,牙槽嵴的高度因缺牙与否、缺牙时间、牙周炎等因素影响变异度较大,因此测量DVSF可以避免混杂因素影响。在进行种植术时可依据该指标,对不同牙位的剩余牙槽嵴高度进行测量,以上牙槽后动脉血管至上颌窦底的平均距离+种植区域剩余牙槽嵴距离作为参考。

3.4 LWTDMSA的相关性对出血风险的提示

既往研究18在较厚的上颌窦侧壁中发现了较大直径的MSA,认为LWT也是影响DMSA的一个变量。本研究据此对两者进行了相关性分析,得出在P2、M1牙位的LWT与DMSA存在弱相关,支持了既往研究结论。因此如若开窗区域上颌窦侧壁较厚,应预测存在一定出血风险。

综上,MSA解剖结构变异较大,在进行外侧壁入路的上颌窦底提升术前必须通过CBCT观测MSA的骨孔直径、位置、走形关系以及其相邻的解剖结构,以明确手术的难度及术中血管损伤的概率。术前应当询问患者是否有高血压及服用抗凝药史,术前控制血压并行血常规及凝血七项检查,术中准备结扎及压迫用纱布及止血用骨蜡、电刀等。特别由于男性患者及在M1区域DMSA更大,术中存在较大出血概率,因此需要格外注意该类患者的MSA血管解剖结构及走形位置。随着年龄增大,上颌窦气化程度增加,可能导致MSA与骨壁关系由窦内型向骨内型转变。如果该走形类型动脉位于开窗区域附近,可影响术中黏膜瓣切口位置及开窗位置,故需要特别关注;由于MSA可走形于上颌窦底黏膜处,因此在进行开窗术分离窦底黏膜时需要更加小心,必要时可增大骨窗直径以保证术野的清晰;MSA还可走形于上颌窦底根方牙槽骨中,因此不仅在进行外侧壁入路的上颌窦底提升术时,在进行常规种植术及内侧入路的上颌窦底提升术时,也存在动脉损伤的可能性。为降低可能出现的血肿、感染、种植体松动等并发症,术前应常规采用CBCT找到MSA并进行观测分析。

作者贡献声明

吴炯睿负责实验思路构思、方法设计、数据分析、数据整理和初稿撰写;高益鸣负责实验核实、实验监督和指导。所有作者均阅读并同意了最终稿件的提交。

AUTHOR's CONTRIBUTIONS

WU Jiongrui participated in conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, data curation and writing original draft. GAO Yiming participated in checking, supervision and leading. All authors have read and agreed to submit the final manuscript.

利益冲突声明

所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。

COMPETING INTERESTS

All authors disclose no relevant conflict of interests.

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