上海交通大学学报(医学版), 2024, 44(5): 543-551 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2024.05.001

高危妊娠专题

子痫前期大鼠模型子宫动脉、脐动脉、大脑中动脉超声多普勒参数与胎盘血管病理及妊娠结局的关系

马瑞琳,1, 刘雨,1, 徐桂香1, 史昊然1, 崔俭俭1, 杨泽俊1, 毛艳1, 赵茵,1,2

1.华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院妇产科,武汉 430022

2.深圳华中科技大学研究院,深圳 518063

Relationship between Doppler ultrasound parameters of uterine artery, umbilical artery, middle cerebral artery and placental vasculopathology and pregnancy outcome in preeclampsia rat model

MA Ruilin,1, LIU Yu,1, XU Guixiang1, SHI Haoran1, CUI Jianjian1, YANG Zejun1, MAO Yan1, ZHAO Yin,1,2

1.Obstetrics & Gynecology Department, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China

2.Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen 518063, China

通讯作者: 赵 茵,电子信箱:Zhaoyin@hust.edu.cn

第一联系人: *为共同第一作者。

编委: 徐敏

收稿日期: 2023-10-16   接受日期: 2024-03-04   网络出版日期: 2024-05-28

基金资助: 国家自然科学基金.  82171678
深圳自然科学基金.  JCYJ20200109140614667

Corresponding authors: ZHAO Yin, E-mail:Zhaoyin@hust.edu.cn.

Received: 2023-10-16   Accepted: 2024-03-04   Online: 2024-05-28

作者简介 About authors

马瑞琳(1997—),女,博士生;电子信箱:maruilin202076100@163.com E-mail:maruilin202076100@163.com

刘 雨(1996—),女,博士生;电子信箱:lyu_9618@126.com。 E-mail:lyu_9618@126. com

摘要

目的·通过超声多普勒检测子痫前期(preeclampsia,PE)大鼠模型子宫动脉、脐动脉、大脑中动脉参数,对比胎盘血管病理及妊娠结局,为评估PE动物模型胎盘功能提供有效方法和参考。方法·利用N-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯(N′-nitro-L-arginine-methylesterhydrochloride,L-NAME)和0.9%氯化钠溶液腹腔注射,分别建立PE组(n=8)和正常妊娠(normal pregnancy,NP)组(n=8)的SD大鼠动物模型,检测血压和蛋白尿指标评估模型是否成功建立。在妊娠(gestational day,GD)第19日(GD19)时利用超声多普勒检测PE组和NP组子宫动脉、脐动脉以及胎鼠大脑中动脉相关指标,终止妊娠后通过胎盘血管病理、胎鼠胎盘质量情况评估胎盘功能。结果·PE组大鼠的血压(GD15:P=0.001;GD19:P=0.001)、蛋白尿(GD15:P=0.001;GD19:P=0.001)均高于NP组,其胎鼠脐动脉、子宫动脉的搏动指数(pulsation index,PI)显著高于NP组(均P=0.000),胎鼠大脑中动脉阻力指数(resistance index,RI)显著低于NP组(P=0.000)。胎鼠数量无显著差异,PE组胎盘、胎鼠质量显著低于NP组(P=0.006,P=0.000),胎盘组织血管特异性免疫组化染色提示PE组胎盘微血管迷路密度少于NP组(P=0.001)。通过相关性分析发现胎盘微血管迷路密度、胎鼠质量、胎盘质量与脐动脉RI、子宫动脉PI及RI呈负相关,而与大脑中动脉S/D、PI、RI呈正相关(均P<0.05)。结论·超声多普勒检测L-NAME诱导的PE大鼠模型子宫动脉、脐动脉、大脑中动脉指数相关指标可以良好反映妊娠结局和胎盘血管病理情况,可用于评价PE大鼠模型的胎盘血管灌注情况,具有动物模型研究的实用性和便利性。

关键词: 子痫前期 ; 胎盘血管密度 ; 妊娠结局 ; 多普勒超声

Abstract

Objective ·To measure the parameters of the uterine artery, umbilical artery and middle cerebral artery in a rat model of preeclampsia (PE) by Doppler ultrasound, and compare the pathological changes in placental blood vessels and pregnancy outcomes, in order to provide an effective method and reference for evaluating placental function in PE animal models. Methods ·PE (n=8) and normal pregnancy (NP, n=8) groups in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat models were established by intraperitoneal injections of N′-nitro-L-arginine methylesterhydrochloride (L-NAME) and 0.9% sodium chloride solution. Blood pressure and proteinuria indexes were detected to evaluate whether the model was successfully established. On gestational day 19 (GD19), Doppler ultrasound was utilized to measure the parameters of the uterine artery, umbilical artery and the fetal middle cerebral artery in both the PE and NP groups. After termination of the pregnancies, placental function was evaluated through the pathology of placental blood vessels and the quality of the fetuses and placentas. Results ·In the PE group, both blood pressure (GD15: P=0.001; GD19: P=0.001) and proteinuria (GD15: P=0.001; GD19: P=0.001) were significantly higher than those in the NP group. The pulsatility index (PI) of the umbilical artery and uterine artery was notably elevated in the PE group compared to the NP group (both P=0.000). Furthermore, the resistance index (RI) of the fetal middle cerebral artery was significantly lower than that in the PE group (P=0.000). While the number of fetal rats did not differ significantly, the quality of placental and fetal rats was notably lower in the PE group (P=0.006 and P=0.000, respectively). Immunohistochemical staining of placental tissue revealed that the number of placental micro vessel densities in the PE group was less than that in the NP group (P=0.001). Correlation analysis revealed that placental micro vessel density, fetal quality and placental quality were inversely related with the RI of the umbilical artery and the PI and RI of the uterine artery, and positively correlated with the S/D, PI and RI of the fetal middle cerebral artery (all P<0.05). Conculsion·Doppler ultrasound assessment of the uterine artery, umbilical artery and middle cerebral artery indices in L-NAME-induced PE rat models effectively reflects pregnancy outcomes and placental vascular pathology. This method is valuable for evaluating placental vascular perfusion in PE rat models, offering practicality and convenience for research involving animal models.

Keywords: preeclampsia (PE) ; placental vascular density ; pregnancy outcome ; Doppler ultrasound

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马瑞琳, 刘雨, 徐桂香, 史昊然, 崔俭俭, 杨泽俊, 毛艳, 赵茵. 子痫前期大鼠模型子宫动脉、脐动脉、大脑中动脉超声多普勒参数与胎盘血管病理及妊娠结局的关系. 上海交通大学学报(医学版)[J], 2024, 44(5): 543-551 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2024.05.001

MA Ruilin, LIU Yu, XU Guixiang, SHI Haoran, CUI Jianjian, YANG Zejun, MAO Yan, ZHAO Yin. Relationship between Doppler ultrasound parameters of uterine artery, umbilical artery, middle cerebral artery and placental vasculopathology and pregnancy outcome in preeclampsia rat model. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Medical Science)[J], 2024, 44(5): 543-551 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2024.05.001

子痫前期(preeclampsia,PE)是妊娠期特有疾病,表现为20周以后出现的高血压和蛋白尿,是引起宫内胎儿生长受限(fetal growth restriction,FGR)及母婴死亡等严重不良结局的重要原因之一1。尽管其发病机制尚不清晰,但是胎盘功能障碍在PE的发病中占据重要地位1-2,主要表现为子宫胎盘血流灌注不良以及广泛的血管内皮功能损伤3。由于PE被发现于人类4,且由于人类胎盘在结构以及发育过程方面的特殊性,尚没有完美的动物模型可以用来模拟人类PE5

文献报道PE动物模型主要由药物、手术或者基因缺陷等因素诱导产生6。由于大鼠在滋养细胞侵袭深度和子宫螺旋动脉重塑过程方面与人类相似7-8,且PE与子宫螺旋动脉重塑障碍有密切联系9,所以大鼠常常被用于构建PE动物模型。本研究使用文献报道的N-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯(N′-nitro-L-arginine-methylesterhydrochloride,L-NAME),即一种一氧化氮合酶抑制剂,来建立PE大鼠模型,孕鼠可发生血管收缩、血压增加、肾血管收缩、蛋白尿的产生和胎鼠宫内生长受限10,具有类PE的特征。

PE动物模型治疗性研究的评价大多需要终止妊娠来观察妊娠结局,因此针对干预后整个妊娠过程中胎盘血流灌注的改善情况,缺乏有效的监测手段。既往研究11-13多通过核磁共振、超声造影的方式进行检测,但这些方法复杂且昂贵,因此选择简单、方便、可信度较高的检测手段来反映PE治疗性效果非常必要。彩色超声多普勒检查在临床上既可检测胎儿的系统生长发育,也可对子宫胎盘的血流动力学进行检测,是一种重要的、无创辅助检查手段。本研究通过检测PE大鼠动物模型的脐动脉、子宫动脉以及胎鼠大脑中动脉超声多普勒流参数,并与胎盘微血管密度、妊娠结局包括胎盘、胎鼠质量进行相关性分析,以期对PE动物模型的胎盘血管灌注情况的评估提供参考。

1 对象与方法

1.1 实验对象

10周龄左右的SPF级别Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠,体质量为250~280 g,雌性20只、雄性10只,购自北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司,饲养于华中科技大学同济医学院实验动物中心。

1.2 实验仪器及试剂

超声多普勒成像系统(西门子公司,美国),无创血压计(北京软隆公司),显微镜(Nikon公司,美国),酶标仪(Thermo公司,美国)。L-NAME(Abcam公司,美国),10%水合氯醛(武汉协和医院药剂科),戊巴比妥钠(国药集团化学试剂有限公司),0.9%氯化钠溶液(武汉协和医院药剂科),CBB试剂盒(南京建成科技有限公司),CD31抗体(Abcam公司,美国),过氧化物酶染色试剂盒(北京索莱宝科技有限公司),苏木素染色液(珠海贝索生物技术有限公司)。

1.3 研究方法

1.3.1 PE孕鼠模型的建立及分组

每日19点按照雌雄鼠2∶1的比例进行合笼,次日使用阴道涂片法,若显微镜下观察见精子,则为妊娠(gestational day,GD)第1日(GD1)。将成功妊娠的大鼠纳入研究,最终按照动物体质量匹配随机分为2组,2组均为8只孕鼠。在GD10、11、12时,随机对其中一组进行腹腔注射剂量为50 mg/kg的L-NAME,以建立PE动物模型,即为PE组。另一组则腹腔注射相同剂量的无菌性0.9%氯化钠溶液,即为NP组。

1.3.2 血压测量和尿蛋白浓度检测

在GD15、19时,使用无创血压仪测量大鼠尾动脉收缩压(systolic blood pressure,SBP)并记录,共测量6次,除去前2次测量结果,最后取平均值。

测量血压后利用代谢笼收集24 h尿液,利用CCB试剂盒测尿蛋白浓度并记录。

1.3.3 超声多普勒成像系统检测胎盘血流灌注的情况

GD19时,使用10 %水合氯醛对每只孕鼠进行麻醉,剂量为0.3 mL/100g。超声仪器设置条件:频率15 MHz,功率100%,增益20 dB。超声探头选择浅表超声探头。

(1)超声检测

由具备丰富超声经验的超声科医师操作,麻醉后大鼠在37 ℃的加热平台上与温度/生理监护仪相连。检测区域为大鼠腹部,对该区域继续备皮处理。由于大鼠多胎的特性及肠管、前部胎鼠的遮挡等情况,远离腹壁的胎鼠无法准确成像,因此选择距离腹壁最近的胎鼠进行检测,以找到最准确清晰的图像。涂抹预热的耦合剂后,轻柔使用探头对腹部进行多切面扫描成像,寻找最合适切面评估,选择脐动脉、子宫动脉以及胎鼠大脑中动脉作为评估血管。分别记录收缩期峰值流速(peak systolic velocity,PS)、舒张末期流速(end diastolic flow velocity,ED)和时间平均血流速度(time average velocity,TAV)。计算脐动脉及子宫动脉以及胎鼠大脑中动脉的阻力指数(resistance index,RI)、S/D和搏动指数(pulsation index,PI),PI=(PS-ED)/TAV,RI=(PS-ED)/PS,S/D=PS/ED。

(2)脐动脉血流检测方法

均选择近胎鼠端相对固定的部位进行脐带血流的检测。通过彩超在反复滑动操作中寻找胎鼠脐带,找到后,将取样容积放置于需要测定段,适当调整取样容积大小并调整多普勒取样角度。当观察到一个较清晰、均一的多普勒频谱时,进行图像冻结,每只胎鼠至少测量3个形态相似的多普勒频谱图,分别对此3个频谱数据进行测量(图1A)。

图1

图1   SD大鼠脐动脉、大脑中动脉、子宫动脉的超声成像

Note: A. Umbilical artery. Small arrow—fetal rat, large arrow—umbilical cord. B. Middle cerebral artery. Small arrow—fetal rat head, large arrow—middle cerebral artery. C. Uterine artery. Small arrow—lateral edge of the rat uterus, large arrow—uterine artery.

Fig 1   Ultrasound imaging of the umbilical artery, middle cerebral artery and uterine artery in SD rats


(3)大脑中动脉血流检测方法

适当调整移动探头角度确定切面,寻找胎鼠的头围切面,找到大脑脚,使用彩色超声模式显示基底动脉环,此环左右两侧即为大脑中动脉。同上述脐动脉检测手段,将取样容积置于动脉中部即可以获取到多普勒血流频谱图,同样每只胎鼠至少取3张图片(图1B)。

(4)子宫动脉血流检测方法

SD大鼠的子宫形态同人类稍有不同,呈“V”型,孕后呈现似串珠样。在寻找子宫动脉时,需要找到大鼠子宫纵切面的图形,向左右两侧沿着子宫肌壁外侧缘缓慢且仔细寻找子宫动脉。由于大鼠子宫动脉来源于卵巢动脉,一般在近卵巢处可以找到该动脉。同上述方法获取多普勒血流频谱图(图1C)。

1.3.4 孕鼠的胎盘、胎鼠组织

在GD20时,使用3%戊巴比妥钠(30 mg/kg)对孕鼠进行麻醉,并在操作台上进行剖宫产,取出胎盘和胎鼠,计数并称量质量。将胎盘组织保存在4%多聚甲醛溶液中,进行下一步的免疫组化染色。

1.3.5 胎盘免疫组化染色

进行胎盘CD31免疫组化染色,明确胎盘微血管变化。多聚甲醛固定胎盘组织后,石蜡包埋及切片。石蜡切片脱蜡至水、抗原修复:将切片放入二甲苯Ⅰ中10 min,再次放入二甲苯Ⅱ中10 min,再利用无水乙醇Ⅰ固定10 min,无水乙醇Ⅱ浸泡10 min,再利用85 %乙醇和75 %乙醇分别浸泡5 min后用双蒸水清洗。然后将组织切片置于盛满EDTA抗原修复缓冲液的修复盒中。利用微波炉进行抗原修复冷却后用PBS清洗3次,并用3%H2O2进行内消,用双蒸水清洗5 min。孵育抗体:用5%BSA封闭液放于湿盒内室温封闭1 h。甩干封闭液后在切片上滴加CD31抗体,稀释比例1∶100。4 ℃过夜,第2日将切片洗涤甩干后加入二抗,稀释比例为1∶500。染核封片镜检:片子滴加DAB溶液,镜下观察显色后即可终止染色,并用苏木精复染细胞核。脱水封片后镜下观察。

1.4 统计学方法

采用SPSS 15.0软件进行统计分析。所有数据均采用Prism软件记录并进行组间差异分析,定量资料采用x±s表示,定性资料采用n(%)表示。符合正态分布的组间分析采用t检验,不符合正态分布的数据采用秩和检验。选择Pearson相关性分析进行检验。P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 血压及尿蛋白定量

GD15时,PE组的孕鼠尾动脉SBP显著高于NP组[(143.90±2.04) mmHg vs (112.60±2.89) mmHg,P=0.001],尿蛋白定量显著高于NP组[(4.00±0.52) μg/μL vs (1.62±0.21) μg/μL,P=0.001],提示PE大鼠动物模型建模成功。GD19时,尾动脉SBP和尿蛋白呈现相同的趋势。(表1

表1   2组尾动脉血压及尿蛋白比较

Tab 1  Comparison of tail artery blood pressure and urinary protein between the two groups

ItemNP groupPE groupP value
Blood pressure/mmHg
GD 15112.60±2.89143.90±2.040.001
GD 19116.90±2.83148.60±2.030.001
Urinary protein/(μg·μL-1)
GD 151.62±0.214.00±0.520.001
GD 192.08±0.234.04±0.350.001

Note: 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa.

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2.2 胎鼠及胎盘的血流动力学评价

超声多普勒评价胎盘血流灌注情况(表2~4图2)。与NP组相比,PE组胎鼠脐动脉PS显著增高且差异具有统计学意义(P=0.008,表2),脐动脉ED、TAV、S/D差异无统计学意义(表2),脐动脉PI及RI显著升高且差异具有统计学意义(P=0.000)。关于子宫动脉的血流动力学情况的比较,其PS、ED、TAV在2组间差异无统计学意义(表3),但PE组的S/D、RI、PI显著升高且差异具有统计学意义(均P=0.000)。大脑中动脉的血流动力学情况比较,其PS、TAV在2组间差异无统计学意义(表4),ED在PE组显著升高且差异有统计学意义(表4),其S/D、PI、RI在PE组显著降低且差异有统计学意义(均P=0.000,表4)。

表2   超声评价2组胎鼠脐动脉血流动力学的比较

Tab 2  Comparison of fetal umbilical artery hemodynamics using ultrasound evaluation between the two groups

ItemNP groupPE groupP value
PS/(cm·s-1)7.05±1.5110.51±2.740.008
ED/(cm·s-1)2.08±0.781.59±0.710.203
TAV/(cm·s-1)4.26±0.945.25±1.160.083
S/D3.61±0.9713.95±18.000.127
PI1.18±0.161.72±0.130.000
RI0.71±0.070.88±0.060.000

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表3   超声评价2组子宫动脉血流动力学的比较

Tab 3  Comparison of uterine artery hemodynamics using ultrasound evaluation between the two groups

ItemNP groupPE groupP value
PS/(cm·s-1)16.27±3.9319.95±6.730.203
ED/(cm·s-1)7.98±2.505.75±1.960.067
TAV/(cm·s-1)11.05±3.2610.47±3.800.751
S/D2.05±0.163.51±0.570.000
PI0.77±0.101.37±0.160.000
RI0.51±0.440.71±0.050.000

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表4   超声评价2组胎鼠大脑中动脉血流动力学的比较

Tab 4  Comparison of fetal middle cerebral artery hemodynamics using ultrasound evaluation between the two groups

ItemNP groupPE groupP value
PS/(cm·s-1)8.40±2.089.40±1.250.264
ED/(cm·s-1)2.25±0.614.05±0.720.000
TAV/(cm·s-1)4.63±1.075.59±0.890.073
S/D3.77.±0.292.35±0.270.000
PI1.33±0.110.96±0.110.000
RI0.73±0.020.57±0.050.000

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图2

图2   2组孕鼠的超声多普勒频谱图

Note: A. Umbilical artery. B. Uterine artery. C. Middle cerebral artery

Fig 2   Ultrasound Doppler spectrogram between the two groups


2.3 胎盘质量、胎鼠的数量和质量比较

通过大鼠解剖获得胎盘质量、胎鼠的数量和质量,结果见表5。胎鼠的数量在PE组和NP组间差异无统计学意义,PE组的胎盘质量(P=0.006)和胎鼠质量(P=0.000)均小于NP组。

表5   2组胎盘质量和胎鼠数量、质量比较

Tab 5  Comparison of placental quality, fetal rat number and fetal rat quality between the two groups

ItemNP groupPE groupP value
Placental quality/g0.48±0.030.42±0.050.006
Fetal rat quality/g4.20±0.282.30±0.270.000
Fetal number/n9.88±1.819.63±1.410.526

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2.4 胎盘血管病理

CD31为内皮细胞特异性的标志物,对其通过免疫组化染色观察大鼠胎盘微血管迷路密度(micro vessel density,MVD)情况,结果显示PE组MVD明显少于NP组(表6图3)。

表6   2MVD比较

Tab 6  Comparison of MVD between the two groups

ItemNP groupPE groupP value
MVD/n218.00±28.73124.30±13.550.001

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图3

图3   2组间胎盘MVD比较

Fig 3   Comparison of MVD between two groups


2.5 脐动脉、子宫动脉及大脑中动脉相关指标与胎盘质量、胎鼠质量及胎盘MVD的相关性分析

脐动脉超声所得参数与胎盘质量、胎鼠质量及胎盘MVD相关性分析结果见表7图4。结果显示,脐动脉PS、PI、RI与胎盘MVD呈较强负相关(r=-0.657,r=-0.850,r=-0.758,绝对值均>0.6),与胎鼠质量呈现较强负相关(r=-0.638,r=-0.901,r=-0.832)。脐动脉S/D、RI与胎盘质量呈现较强负相关(r=-0.698,r=-0.740),脐动脉ED与胎盘质量呈现中等程度正相关(r=0.522)。

表7   脐动脉相关参数指标与胎盘质量、胎鼠质量及胎盘MVD的相关性分析[rP)]

Tab 7  Correlation analysis between umbilical artery parameters and placental quality, fetal rat quality and placental MVD [rP)]

ItemMVDPlacental qualityFetal rat quality
PS-0.657 (0.006)-0.160 (0.554)-0.638 (0.008)
ED0.304 (0.253)0.522 (0.038)0.354 (0.178)
TAV-0.466 (0.069)-0.182 (0.500)-0.424 (0.102)
S/D-0.284 (0.287)-0.698 (0.003)-0.353 (0.179)
PI-0.850 (0.000)-0.450 (0.081)-0.901 (0.000)
RI-0.758 (0.001)-0.740 (0.001)-0.832 (0.000)

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图4

图4   脐动脉相关参数指标与胎盘质量、胎鼠质量及胎盘MVD相关性分析热图

Note: Each number in the cells represents a correlation coefficient, with the depth of color indicating the magnitude of the value.

Fig 4   Heatmap of the correlation analysis between umbilical artery parameter indices and placental quality, fetal rat quality and placental MVD


子宫动脉相关性分析结果见表8图5。结果显示,子宫动脉S/D、PI、RI与胎盘MVD呈强负相关(r=-0.871,r=-0.892,r=-0.874),与胎盘质量呈现较强负相关(r=-0.638,r=-0.615,r=-0.621),与胎鼠质量呈现强负相关(r=-0.870,r=-0.922,r=-0.902)。

表8   子宫动脉相关参数指标与胎盘质量、胎鼠质量及胎盘MVD的相关性分析[rP)]

Tab 8  Correlation analysis between uterine artery parameters and placental quality, fetal rat quality and placental MVD [rP)]

ItemMVDPlacental qualityFetal rat quality
PS-0.332 (0.209)-0.381 (0.145)-0.302 (0.256)
ED0.447 (0.083)0.291 (0.274)0.487 (0.056)
TAV0.078 (0.775)-0.061 (0.824)0.123 (0.650)
S/D-0.871 (0.000)-0.638 (0.008)-0.870 (0.000)
PI-0.892 (0.000)-0.615 (0.011)-0.922 (0.000)
RI-0.874 (0.000)-0.621 (0.010)-0.902 (0.000)

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图5

图5   子宫动脉相关参数指标与胎盘质量、胎鼠质量及胎盘MVD相关性分析热图

Note: Each number in the cells represents a correlation coefficient, with the depth of color indicating the magnitude of the value.

Fig 5   Heatmap of the correlation analysis between uterine artery parameter indices and placental quality, fetal rat quality and placental MVD


大脑中动脉相关性分析结果见表9图6。结果显示,大脑中动脉S/D、PI、RI与胎盘MVD呈强正相关(r=0.923,r=0.895,r=0.914),与胎盘质量呈现中等正相关(r=0.582,r=0.571,r=0.569),与胎鼠质量呈现较强正相关(r=0.915,r=0.850,r=0.888)。大脑中动脉ED与胎盘MVD呈较强负相关(r=-0.749),与胎盘质量呈现中等程度负相

表9   大脑中动脉相关参数指标与胎盘质量、胎鼠质量及胎盘MVD的相关系数

Tab 9  Correlation coefficients between middle cerebral artery parameters and placental quality, fetal rat quality, and placental MVD

ItemMVDPlacental qualityFetal rat quality
PS-0.148 (0.586)-0.196 (0.467)-0.300 (0.260)
ED-0.749 (0.001)-0.575 (0.020)-0.802 (0.000)
TAV-0.333 (0.207)-0.342 (0.195)-0.451 (0.079)
S/D0.923 (0.000)0.582 (0.018)0.915 (0.000)
PI0.895 (0.000)0.571 (0.021)0.850 (0.000)
RI0.914 (0.000)0.569 (0.022)0.888 (0.000)

Note: Values in parentheses are P values; if P<0.05, it indicates a significant correlation between the two variables.

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图6

图6   大脑中动脉相关参数指标与胎盘质量、胎鼠质量及胎盘MVD相关性分析热图

Note: Each number in the cells represents a correlation coefficient, with the depth of color indicating the magnitude of the value.

Fig 6   Heatmap of the correlation analysis between middle cerebral artery parameter indices and placental quality, fetal rat quality and placental MVD


关(r=-0.575),与胎鼠质量呈现较强负相关(r=-0.802)。

3 讨论

PE是妊娠期特有的一种疾病,属于妊娠期高血压疾病,临床表现为血压异常升高及母体器官功能障碍14-16。其在孕产妇中的发病率为2%~5%,是发生孕产妇和新生儿死亡的主要原因之一16。PE的发病机制目前仍在研究中,但通常认为子宫螺旋动脉重铸不足在其中发挥了重要的作用。螺旋动脉重铸不足进而导致胎盘血流灌注减少,引发缺血缺氧、细胞因子释放,进一步诱发高血压、多器官损伤等一系列临床表现17。本研究PE动物模型的妊娠结果提示:PE组的胎鼠及胎盘质量显著低于NP组,原因可能是由于胎盘质量与胎盘中绒毛数量呈正相关性18;而胎鼠及胎盘的数量在2组间不具有统计学差异,其原因可能是在妊娠中期使用L-NAME建模较妊娠早期建模对胎鼠数量的影响小;除此之外,不同种系对于妊娠并发症的敏感性可能不同,未导致明显的胎鼠流产,而仅发生胎鼠生长受限。

充分的子宫-胎盘-胎儿血液循环对维持胎儿宫内生长发育至关重要。胎盘的血液灌注减少、母胎界面营养交换不充分会导致多种疾病,在PE的发病中也起到了至关重要的作用19。因此可以通过手术结扎子宫血管建立胎盘血流灌注减少的PE大鼠动物模型20,但其存在创伤性大、操作困难、造模成功率低等特点。尽管有研究表明对于L-NAME诱发的PE大鼠动脉模型在胎盘功能障碍方面表现欠佳21,但本研究结果证实使用L-NAME的PE大鼠模型同样存在胎盘血流灌注减少的表现。

妊娠期间,监测子宫胎盘、胎儿血流动力学对疾病的诊断、评估、预后有良好的价值。既往研究通常使用血管因子可溶性fms样酪氨酸激酶受体1和胎盘生长因子等的表达水平来间接评估PE大鼠胎盘血管发育情况22,也有通过超声造影23、核磁共振等方式来评价大鼠动物模型的胎盘血流灌注变化11-13。SPRADLEY等24采用显微CT扫描后重建SD大鼠胎盘灌注情况,以呈现胎盘螺旋动脉的形态和数量。GINOSAR等11则采用同样无创的血氧水平依赖性的核磁共振来评估急性高碳酸血症期间小鼠的胎盘血供。上述方法较为复杂,超声多普勒检查因其安全、可靠、无创、操作简便,有较好的实际应用。

TRAVIS等25使用超声多普勒监测PE大鼠的子宫动脉,证实干扰素γ可以降低PE大鼠的子宫动脉PI。BIBEAU等26通过多普勒超声发现宫内生长受限的大鼠模型中存在子宫动脉、脐动脉的血流变化。本研究通过超声多普勒检测PE大鼠模型子宫动脉、脐动脉、大脑中动脉的PS、ED、TAV、S/D、PI、RI指标,并与胎盘MVD、胎盘、胎鼠质量进行相关性分析,结果发现PE大鼠动物模型中PI显著升高,反映了全身血管痉挛、外周阻力升高的病理生理机制,而脐动脉及胎鼠大脑中动脉的超声多普勒血流频谱则反映胎盘胎儿血流循环。随着PE的严重程度的增加,脐动脉PI增加,而大脑中动脉RI降低,且均与围产期的不良预后相关27-28。在本研究的PE大鼠模型中,呈现同样的趋势。

本研究相关性分析结果显示,超声检测动物模型子宫胎盘胎儿血流动力学情况指标,特别是脐动脉RI、PI,子宫动脉PI、RI,大脑中动脉的S/D、PI、RI与胎盘MVD、胎鼠、胎盘质量呈一定的相关性。尽管目前已有部分研究通过超声技术来评估动物模型的胎盘血供24-25,但多数研究并未明确提出多普勒参数变化的相对正常范围。本研究证实了上述超声多普勒参数可以良好评估PE大鼠模型的妊娠情况及胎盘血管病理变化。

选择一种在动物模型妊娠期可重复性使用、创伤小的胎盘血供监测手段十分重要。相较于核磁共振、CT等昂贵设备,超声多普勒检测可在建模、干预治疗后多次使用,具有无创、方便等优势,更具可行性。然而,本研究尚存在样本量较小等不足之处,后续将进一步增加样本量为大鼠胎盘血流动力学变化的情况提供参考区间,进一步细化胎盘病理结果,深入研究胎盘病理变化情况。

作者贡献声明

赵茵负责课题和实验的设计,刘雨、徐桂香和史昊然负责实验操作,杨泽俊和毛艳辅助实验操作,刘雨和马瑞琳负责数据分析及作图,马瑞琳、刘雨、崔俭俭和赵茵参与论文的写作和修改。所有作者均阅读并同意了最终稿件的提交。

AUTHOR's CONTRIBUTIONS

The study was conceived and designed by ZHAO Yin.The study was implemented by LIU Yu, XU Guixiang and SHI Haoran, with YANG Zejun and MAO Yan providing assistance. The statistical analysis and graphing were performed by LIU Yu and MA Ruilin. The manuscript was drafted and revised by MA Ruilin, LIU Yu, CUI Jianjian and ZHAO Yin. All the authors have read the last version of paper and consented for submission.

利益冲突声明

所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。

COMPETING INTERESTS

All authors disclose no relevant conflict of interests.

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