Dual-directional effect of all-trans retinoic acid on osteogenic differentiation of jaw bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro
LIU Yuanqi,1,2, SUN Siyuan,1,2, DAI Qinggang3, JIANG Lingyong1,2, SHEN Guofang,1
1.Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People′s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology; Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
2.Shanghai -New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Dentistry, Centre for Clinical and Fundamental Craniofacial Research, Shanghai Ninth People′s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
3.Department of 2nd Dental Centre, Shanghai Ninth People′s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology; Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
Objective ·To explore the effect of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) of different concentrations on osteogenic differentiation of jaw bone mesenchymal stem cells (jBMSCs) in rats. Methods ·jBMSCs from 4-week-old Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were isolated and cultured with whole bone marrow adherence method. The surface antigens were identified by using flow cytometry. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining/alizarin red staining, oil red O staining and alcian blue staining were used to prove the multilineage differentiation potential of jBMSCs after osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic induction respectively. jBMSCs were induced in osteogenic medium with ATRA of concentration of 0.01, 0.1, 1, 5, 10, 20 μmol/L in vitro, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used as control group. Cell viability of jBMSCs in different groups were determined by CCK8. ALP staining and alizarin red staining were used to investigate the osteogenic ability of jBMSCs in each group and screened the concentrations for subsequent experiments. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunofluorescence staining were used to analyze the expressions of osteogenesis-related genes and proteins in jBMSCs of different concentrations. Results ·The flow cytometry analysis showed that more than 98% of P1 jBMSCs were positive for CD29+CD90+CD31-CD45-, which was congruent with the characteristics of bone mesenchymal stem cells. The results of ALP staining/alizarin red staining, oil red O staining and alcian blue staining indicated that the P1 jBMSCs had the multilineage differentiation potential of osteogenesis, adipogenesis and chondrogenesis. The results of ALP staining/alizarin red staining showed that the osteogenic activity and mineralization ability of jBMSCs in 0.01, 0.1 and 1 μmol/L ATRA groups were increased compared with those in the control group, while the osteogenic activity and mineralization ability were decreased when the concentration of ATRA increased, especially higher than 5 μmol/L (all P<0.05). qPCR analysis showed that the mRNA expression levels of osteogenesis-related genes such as Alp, bone sialoprotein (Bsp), collagen type Ⅰ α1 (Col1a1) and osteocalcin (Ocn) were higher in the 0.1 and 1 μmol/L ATRA groups compared to the control group. However, further increasing the concentration of ATRA led to a decrease in gene expression levels, and when the concentration exceeded 5 μmol/L, it began to be lower than the control group level (all P<0.05). The immunofluorescence staining showed that the expression of osteogenic related proteins SP7, ALP and OCN in the 0.1 and 1 μmol/L ATRA groups were increased compared to the control group, while further increasing the concentration of ATRA led to a decrease in protein expression. When the concentration was higher than 5 μmol/L, it began to be lower than the control group level (all P<0.05). Conclusion ·Lower concentrations (0.1, 1 μmol/L) of ATRA can promote the osteogenic differentiation of rat jBMSCs, and the promoting effect reaches its peak at 0.1 μmol/L, while the effect can be weakened by further increasing the concentration. Higher concentrations (5, 10, 20 μmol/L) of ATRA could inhibit the osteogenic differentiation of rat jBMSCs, showing an inhibitory effect. In this study, the dual-directional effect of retinoic acid on osteogenic differentiation of jBMSCs was demonstrated in vitro, and 0.1 μmol/L ATRA was identified as the optimal concentration for osteogenic differentiation of jBMSCs in rats, which provided a reference basis for the development of in vivo studies and clinical application of ATRA.
LIU Yuanqi, SUN Siyuan, DAI Qinggang, JIANG Lingyong, SHEN Guofang. Dual-directional effect of all-trans retinoic acid on osteogenic differentiation of jaw bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Medical Science)[J], 2024, 44(9): 1083-1093 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2024.09.003
随着人们生活水平的提高和对美的不懈追求,颅颌面骨畸形及缺损的功能和美观重建越来越受到关注。近年来,基于间充质干细胞的组织工程作为颅颌面骨缺损的替代疗法被广泛关注。作为第一个被报道的间充质干细胞,长骨来源的骨髓间充质干细胞仍是用于骨骼再生最常见和最可靠的干细胞[1]。然而,由于发育模式和成骨方式与长骨不同,颌骨表现出对机械和稳态刺激的离散反应[2]。在发育模式上,颌骨起源于神经外胚层的神经嵴细胞,而长骨来源于中胚层细胞;在成骨方式上,颌骨主要以膜内成骨为主,而长骨经历软骨内成骨[3]。同时,最近的研究[4]表明,干细胞功能会受到组织特异性的影响。已有文献[5]证实,颌骨来源的骨髓间充质干细胞(jaw bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,jBMSCs)与长骨来源的骨髓间充质干细胞之间存在功能差异。来源于上颌骨、下颌骨和牙槽骨等的jBMSCs较来源于长骨的骨髓间充质干细胞表现出更强的增殖能力及成骨分化能力[6],在治疗颅颌面骨畸形及缺损等疾病中可能较长骨来源的骨髓间充质干细胞更具优势。因此,如何调控jBMSCs成骨分化成为研究热点,有望为临床治疗颅颌面骨相关疾病提供理论基础。
Note: A. Schematic diagram of the isolation and identification of jBMSCs. B. Surface antigen identification of P1 jBMSCs. PE—phycoerythrin; FITC—fluorescein isothiocyanate. C. Osteogenic differentiation potential of P1 jBMSCs. D. Adipogenic differentiation potential of P1 jBMSCs. E. Chondrogenic differentiation potential of P1 jBMSCs.
Note: A. ALP staining and quantitative analysis. B. Alizarin Red S staining and quantitative analysis. ①P=0.012, ②P=0.000, ③P=0.001, ④P=0.002, ⑤P=0.004, compared with the control group (0 μm·L-1).
Fig 3
Effect of ATRA on osteogenic differentiation ability of jBMSCs
Note: A. SP7 immunofluorescence staining and quantitative analysis. B. ALP immunofluorescence staining and quantitative analysis. C. OCN immunofluorescence staining and quantitative analysis. ①P=0.003, ②P=0.000, ③P=0.017, ④P=0.002, ⑤P=0.001, ⑥P=0.005, ⑦P=0.012, ⑧P=0.026, compared with the control group (0 μm·L-1).
Fig 5
Effect of ATRA on osteoblast-related protein expression in jBMSCs
3 讨论
外伤、唇腭裂、骨性错颌畸形及各种综合征是导致颅颌面骨畸形和缺损的重要原因。临床上,唇腭裂患者常伴发牙槽突裂。为了恢复牙弓稳定性和为牙萌出提供良好的骨基础,常用髂骨对牙槽突裂进行移植修复。然而,有研究[20]证实,下颌骨移植优于髂骨移植,表现出相容性更好、骨吸收更少等特点。这种差异可能归因于颌骨等颅颌面骨和髂骨等中轴附肢骨骼不同的胚胎起源及发育方式。在发育过程中,颅颌面骨起源于腹外侧迁移至鳃弓的来自神经外胚层的神经嵴细胞,并经历膜内成骨形成颅颌面骨结构,而中轴附肢骨骼来源于中胚层,成骨方式主要以软骨内成骨为主[4]。此外,两者在生物力学方面也具有一定差异。中轴附肢骨骼在行使直立或行走等生理功能时所承受的力几乎是咀嚼时牙槽骨所受力的一半,这可能是巨颌症、双膦酸盐相关性颌骨坏死仅影响颌骨的原因[21]。细胞层面上,两者都符合间充质干细胞的特点,高表达CD20、CD44、CD90等细胞表面抗原,而低表达CD45、CD31、CD34、CD11b等细胞表面抗原[22]。然而,两者在生物学特性上具有一定区别。越来越多的研究[23-24]表明,与长骨相比,jBMSCs具有部位特异性,具体表现为更强的自我更新、成骨和成血管能力,且细胞衰老速度更缓慢,而在成脂及成软骨能力方面较弱。最新研究[17]发现,Fat4+细胞亚群在牙槽骨而非长骨中特异性富集,且该细胞亚群具有集落形成以及成骨和成脂分化能力,说明颌骨可能存在特异性干细胞亚群,造成了其与长骨在某些生物学特征上的差异。视黄酸作为维生素A在体内的代谢产物,不仅影响长骨生长发育,在颅颌面骨生长发育中也表现出重要的作用。一方面,人类胚胎期维生素A缺乏,以及动物维生素A或视黄酸合成限速酶RALDH10缺乏均表现出唇裂、腭裂及颅面骨发育异常等[25-26]。此外,在小牛中,视黄酸缺乏可导致颅面骨骨吸收和膜内成骨异常,并以下颌骨内侧缘表现最为显著[27]。另一方面,孕妇维生素A摄入过量或暴露于过量视黄酸类似物会导致小耳畸形、眼距过宽、腭裂、唇裂、小颌畸形和面中部发育不全等颅颌面发育异常、复杂的先天性心脏病和中枢神经系统异常[28]。同时,视黄酸过量或当细胞色素P450酶系26(cytochrome P450 family 26 enzyme,CYP26)基因突变/敲除使视黄酸不能正常降解而在细胞内堆积时,同样会使胎儿及小鼠胚胎出现颅缝早闭、颅骨形成不全等颅颌面骨发育畸形表现[29]。然而,视黄酸对长骨及颌骨的作用之间是否存在差异仍不清楚。此外,视黄酸缺乏或过多均会引起颅颌面骨畸形,但其具体调控机制尚不明确,有必要通过条件性基因敲除小鼠进一步研究。
The experiment, data compilation and analysis, and paper writing were completed by LIU Yuanqi. The participation in the experimental analysis were done by SUN Siyuan. The paper revision was done by DAI Qinggang. The study was designed and directed by JIANG Lingyong and SHEN Guofang. All the authors have read the last version of paper and consented for submission.
利益冲突声明
所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
COMPETING INTERESTS
All authors disclose no relevant conflict of interests.
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