中国人群全氟化合物健康风险评估研究进展

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2021.06.017

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

全氟化合物（perfluorinated compounds，PFAS）是一类近年来受到广泛关注的新型持久性有机污染物。随着欧美国家对其限制的法律法规增多，PFAS的生产逐渐向中国转移，其使用量逐年增加，但中国尚无严格的限制措施。此外，欧美国家不断下调PFAS的安全限值，基于更新后的安全限值在中国人群中开展的研究已逐步提示其存在健康风险。该文综述了国际上现有的PFAS安全限值，并根据不同暴露来源（膳食、乳汁、饮水、灰尘、大气、胎盘转移来源及各综合来源）介绍中国人群PFAS暴露健康风险评估研究进展。现有研究主要关注中国PFAS高污染地区人群和婴幼儿敏感人群PFAS暴露的健康风险，而普通人群PFAS暴露的健康风险仍有待于进一步评估。相关工作的开展有助于推动相关政府部门尽早制定符合中国国情的PFAS管控标准和安全限值。此外，未来的健康风险评估研究更应关注各综合来源的PFAS所致的人群健康风险和PFAS替代品的健康危害。

关键词: 全氟化合物, 暴露来源, 健康风险评估, 中国人群, 安全限值

Abstract:

Perfluorinated compounds (PFAS) are a new class of persistent organic pollutants that have attracted wide attention in recent years. With the increasing restrictions on PFAS in Europe and the United States, the production of PFAS is gradually transferring to China. The amount of PFAS used in China is increasing year by year, but there are no strict restrictions on the use of them. Furthermore, the safety limits are heading down in Europe and the United States. Based on the updated safety limits, studies in Chinese population have gradually indicated the potential risk of PFAS. This review summarizes the updated international safety limits, and introduces the research progress in health risk assessment of PFAS exposure in Chinese population according to different sources of exposure (diet, milk, drinking water, dust, atmosphere, placental transfer and comprehensive sources). The existing studies mainly focus on the health risk of PFAS exposure in high PFAS-polluted areas and in sensitive infant population in China, while the health risk of PFAS exposure in general population still needs to be further evaluated. It is necessary to carry out relevant work, which can provide reference for relevant government departments to formulate PFAS control standards and safety limits in line with China's national conditions as soon as possible. In addition, the future assessment research should pay more attention to complex evaluation of various sources of PFAS and the health hazards of PFAS alternatives.

Key words: perfluorinated compounds (PFAS), exposure source, health risk assessment, Chinese population, safety limit

中图分类号:

R122.7

姚谦, 田英. 中国人群全氟化合物健康风险评估研究进展[J]. 上海交通大学学报(医学版), 2021, 41(6): 803-808.

Qian YAO, Ying TIAN. Research progress in health risk assessment of perfluorinated compounds among Chinese population[J]. JOURNAL OF SHANGHAI JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY (MEDICAL SCIENCE), 2021, 41(6): 803-808.

参考文献 56

1	Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). EPA's PFAS action plan[EB/OL]. (2019-02-14) [2020-05-15]. .
2	Cariou R, Veyrand B, Yamada A, et al. Perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) levels and profiles in breast milk, maternal and cord serum of French women and their newborns[J]. Environ Int, 2015, 84: 71-81.
3	Cho CR, Lam NH, Cho BM, et al. Concentration and correlations of perfluoroalkyl substances in whole blood among subjects from three different geographical areas in Korea[J]. Sci Total Environ, 2015, 512/513: 397-405.
4	Miralles-Marco A, Harrad S. Perfluorooctane sulfonate: a review of human exposure, biomonitoring and the environmental forensics utility of its chirality and isomer distribution[J]. Environ Int, 2015, 77: 148-159.
5	Sakr CJ, Kreckmann KH, Green JW, et al. Cross-sectional study of lipids and liver enzymes related to a serum biomarker of exposure (ammonium perfluorooctanoate or APFO) as part of a general health survey in a cohort of occupationally exposed workers[J]. J Occup Environ Med, 2007, 49(10): 1086-1096.
6	Grandjean P, Andersen EW, Budtz-Jørgensen E, et al. Serum vaccine antibody concentrations in children exposed to perfluorinated compounds[J]. JAMA, 2012, 307(4): 391-397.
7	Gallo V, Leonardi G, Brayne C, et al. Serum perfluoroalkyl acids concentrations and memory impairment in a large cross-sectional study[J]. BMJ Open, 2013, 3(6): e002414.
8	Leter G, Consales C, Eleuteri P, et al. Exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances and sperm DNA global methylation in Arctic and European populations[J]. Environ Mol Mutagen, 2014, 55(7): 591-600.
9	Halldorsson TI, Rytter D, Haug LS, et al. Prenatal exposure to perfluorooctanoate and risk of overweight at 20 years of age: a prospective cohort study[J]. Environ Health Perspect, 2012, 120(5): 668-673.
10	Lin CY, Wen LL, Lin LY, et al. The associations between serum perfluorinated chemicals and thyroid function in adolescents and young adults[J]. J Hazard Mater, 2013, 244/245: 637-644.
11	Barry V, Winquist A, Steenland K. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) exposures and incident cancers among adults living near a chemical plant[J]. Environ Health Perspect, 2013, 121(11/12): 1313-1318.
12	United Nations Environment Programme. Report of the conference of the parties of the stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants on the work of its fourth meeting[EB/OL]. (2009-05-08) [2020-05-15]. .
13	United Nations Environment Programme. Report of the conference of the parties to the stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants on the work of its ninth meeting[EB/OL]. (2019-06-27) [2020-05-15]. .
14	谢双蔚. 我国全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)排放源识别与排放估算研究[D]. 北京: 中国科学院大学, 2013.
15	Wang TY, Wang P, Meng J, et al. A review of sources, multimedia distribution and health risks of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in China[J]. Chemosphere, 2015, 129: 87-99.
16	Jin YH, Saito N, Harada KH, et al. Historical trends in human serum levels of perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctane sulfonate in Shenyang, China[J]. Tohoku J Exp Med, 2007, 212(1): 63-70.
17	Zhang SY, Kang QY, Peng H, et al. Relationship between perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctane sulfonate blood concentrations in the general population and routine drinking water exposure[J]. Environ Int, 2019, 126: 54-60.
18	中华人民共和国生态环境部. 关于禁止生产、流通、使用和进出口林丹等持久性有机污染物的公告[EB/OL]. (2019-03-11) [2020-05-15]. .
19	贾旭东. 健康指导值在食品安全风险评估中的应用[J]. 中国食品卫生杂志, 2011, 23(1): 22-25.
20	Environmental Working Group (EWG). Perfluorinated chemicals: justification for inclusion of this chemical class in the national report on human exposure to environmental chemicals[EB/OL]. (2002-12-06) [2020-05-15]. .
21	U.K. Food Standards Agency Committee on Toxicity (COT). COT statement on the tolerable daily intake for perfluorooctanoic acid[EB/OL]. (2006-10-01) [2020-05-15]. .
22	U.K. Food Standards Agency Committee on Toxicity (COT). COT statement on the tolerable daily intake for perfluorooctane sulfonate[EB/OL]. (2006-09-01) [2020-05-15]. .
23	European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and their salts scientific opinion of the panel on contaminants in the food chain [EB/OL]. (2008-02-21) [2020-05-15]. .
24	Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR). Wissenschaft zum schutz des verbrauchers[EB/OL]. (2009-08-24) [2020-05-15]. .
25	Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Drinking water health advisory for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)[EB/OL]. (2016-05-08) [2020-05-15]. .
26	Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Drinking water health advisory for perfluorooctanoate acid (PFOA)[EB/OL]. (2016-05-08) [2020-05-15]. .
27	EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain CONTAM), Knutsen HK, Alexander J, et al. Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid in food[J]. EFSA J, 2018, 16(12): e05194.
28	Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological profile for perfluoroalkyls[EB/OL]. (2019-02-28) [2020-05-15]. .
29	European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Public consultation on the draft scientific opinion on the risks to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in food[EB/OL]. (2020-02-24) [2020-05-15]. .
30	刘晓曦, 高俊全, 李筱薇. 不同膳食摄入量研究方法比较[J]. 卫生研究, 2006, 35(3): 363-366.
31	World Health Organization (WHO). Methods most suitable for individual food intake assessments[M]//WHO. Guidelines for the study of dietary intakes of chemical contaminants. Geneva: WHO Offset Publication, 1985: 13-15.
32	Gulkowska A, Jiang QT, So MK, et al. Persistent perfluorinated acids in seafood collected from two cities of China[J]. Environ Sci Technol, 2006, 40(12): 3736-3741.
33	Zhao YG, Wan HT, Law AY, et al. Risk assessment for human consumption of perfluorinated compound-contaminated freshwater and marine fish from Hong Kong and Xiamen[J]. Chemosphere, 2011, 85(2): 277-283.
34	Wu YN, Wang YX, Li JG, et al. Perfluorinated compounds in seafood from coastal areas in China[J]. Environ Int, 2012, 42: 67-71.
35	Cui QQ, Pan YT, Zhang HX, et al. Elevated concentrations of perfluorohexanesulfonate and other per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in Baiyangdian Lake (China): source characterization and exposure assessment[J]. Environ Pollut, 2018, 241: 684-691.
36	Meng J, Liu SF, Zhou YQ, et al. Are perfluoroalkyl substances in water and fish from drinking water source the major pathways towards human health risk?[J]. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 2019, 181: 194-201.
37	Wang Y, Yeung LWY, Yamashita N, et al. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and related fluorochemicals in chicken egg in China[J]. Chin Sci Bull, 2008, 53(4): 501-507.
38	Wang JM, Shi YL, Pan YY, et al. Perfluorinated compounds in milk, milk powder and yoghurt purchased from markets in China[J]. Chin Sci Bull, 2010, 55(11): 1020-1025.
39	Wang JM, Shi YL, Pan YY, et al. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and other fluorochemicals in viscera and muscle of farmed pigs and chickens in Beijing, China[J]. Chin Sci Bull, 2010, 55(31): 3550-3555.
40	Xing ZN, Lu JJ, Liu ZL, et al. Occurrence of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate in milk and yogurt and their risk assessment[J]. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2016, 13(10): E1037.
41	Wang GH, Lu JJ, Xing ZN, et al. Occurrence, distribution, and risk assessment of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in muscle and liver of cattle in Xinjiang, China[J]. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2017, 14(9): E970.
42	Zhang T, Sun HW, Wu Q, et al. Perfluorochemicals in meat, eggs and indoor dust in China: assessment of sources and pathways of human exposure to perfluorochemicals[J]. Environ Sci Technol, 2010, 44(9): 3572-3579.
43	Zhang T, Sun HW, Lin Y, et al. Perfluorinated compounds in human blood, water, edible freshwater fish, and seafood in China: daily intake and regional differences in human exposures[J]. J Agric Food Chem, 2011, 59(20): 11168-11176.
44	Wang YX, Liu JY, Li JG, et al. Dietary exposure of Chinese adults to perfluoroalkyl acids via animal-origin foods: Chinese total diet study (2005‒2007 and 2011‒2013)[J]. J Agric Food Chem, 2019, 67(21): 6048-6055.
45	Liu ZY, Lu YL, Shi YJ, et al. Crop bioaccumulation and human exposure of perfluoroalkyl acids through multi-media transport from a mega fluorochemical industrial park, China[J]. Environ Int, 2017, 106: 37-47.
46	Li PY, Oyang X, Zhao YL, et al. Occurrence of perfluorinated compounds in agricultural environment, vegetables, and fruits in regions influenced by a fluorine-chemical industrial park in China[J]. Chemosphere, 2019, 225: 659-667.
47	So MK, Yamashita N, Taniyasu S, et al. Health risks in infants associated with exposure to perfluorinated compounds in human breast milk from Zhoushan, China[J]. Environ Sci Technol, 2006, 40(9): 2924-2929.
48	Liu JY, Li JG, Zhao YF, et al. The occurrence of perfluorinated alkyl compounds in human milk from different regions of China[J]. Environ Int, 2010, 36(5): 433-438.
49	Jin HB, Mao LL, Xie JH, et al. Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substance concentrations in human breast milk and their associations with postnatal infant growth[J]. Sci Total Environ, 2020, 713: 136417.
50	Ao JJ, Yuan T, Xia H, et al. Characteristic and human exposure risk assessment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: a study based on indoor dust and drinking water in China[J]. Environ Pollut, 2019, 254(Pt A): 112873.
51	夏慧, 敖俊杰, 袁涛. 室内灰尘中全氟化合物的污染状况与人体暴露水平评估[J]. 生态毒理学报, 2016, 11(2): 223-230.
52	Su HQ, Lu YL, Wang P, et al. Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in indoor and outdoor dusts around a mega fluorochemical industrial park in China: implications for human exposure[J]. Environ Int, 2016, 94: 667-673.
53	Liu BL, Zhang H, Yao D, et al. Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in the atmosphere of Shenzhen, China: spatial distribution, sources and health risk assessment[J]. Chemosphere, 2015, 138: 511-518.
54	Liu WX, He W, Wu JY, et al. Distribution, partitioning and inhalation exposure of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in urban and rural air near Lake Chaohu, China[J]. Environ Pollut, 2018, 243(Pt A): 143-151.
55	Lu ZB, Lu R, Zheng HY, et al. Risk exposure assessment of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in drinking water and atmosphere in central Eastern China[J]. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 2018, 25(10): 9311-9320.
56	Han WC, Gao Y, Yao Q, et al. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in matched parental and cord serum in Shandong, China[J]. Environ Int, 2018, 116: 206-213.

[1]	汪子夏, 姚谦, 田英. 全氟化合物对性激素干扰作用的研究进展[J]. 上海交通大学学报(医学版), 2021, 41(4): 540-545.
[2]	秦凯丽 1，刘安明 2，袁崇刚 3，施蓉 1，姚谦 1，蔡辰 4，周义军 1，田英 1, 5，张妍 1，高宇 1. 孕期多种环境污染物暴露现状——基于山东莱州湾出生队列的生物监测数据[J]. 上海交通大学学报（医学版）, 2019, 39(4): 421-.