肾结石是泌尿系统常见病、多发病。结石的形成与饮食因素、遗传背景、合并症、体内微生物环境、尿液调节因子等都存在重要关联。该疾病已逐渐被认定为一种慢性代谢性疾病，需要多学科共同干预。肾结石的诊断评估主要依靠影像学、相关代谢检查以及结石成分分析。CT作为指南推荐的首选影像学检查具有断层解剖结构清晰、结石诊断敏感度及特异度高等特点，双能CT亦可对不同成分的结石进行分辨。24 h尿液成分分析可实现对肾结石发生风险进行临床预测。该文就肾结石发生的危险因素和诊断评估的研究进展进行综述。

Renal calculus is a common disease of urinary system. Calculus formation is associated with dietary factors, genetics, comorbidities, microorganism environment, modulators in the urine and many other factors. It has become a kind of chronic metabolic condition which needs multi-disciplinary treatment. Imaging, metabolic evaluation and calculus analysis provide a variety of tools for calculus diagnosis and evaluation. As the first-line imagine examination recommended by guidelines, CT has advantages in distinct sectional anatomy with high sensitivity and specificity, and dual-energy CT makes it possible to discriminate different calculus compositions noninvasively. The 24-hour urine test can help predict the risk of renal calculus. This article reviews recent research progresses in the risk factors, diagnosis and evaluation of renal calculus.