Sensory nerves belong to the afferent nerve part of the peripheral nervous system. Their role is to accept the stimuli inside and outside the body and transmit them to the center nerve system to form sensations or reflexes. Sensory nerve damage can be caused by trauma, tumor invasion, surgical injury, etc. Sensory nerve injury may cause decline or loss of some sensory organs function in patients. Damage of important sensory nerves such as optic nerves and auditory nerves can bring profound troubles to patients' lives. So far, the main clinical method to repair sensory nerves is autologous nerve transplantation. However, its application is limited by various factors, and the recovery effect of nerve function is often limited. Stem cells have the potential of multi-directional differentiation, which can differentiate into Schwann cells, and then secrete neurotrophic factors to promote axonal growth and myelin regeneration. Schwann cells directionally proliferate and form Büngner zones which guide nerve regeneration. Stem cells can also differentiate into neurons and construct nerve defect repair materials, which is an ideal choice for nerve repair. At present, the tissue engineering technology based on stem cells, combined with several key biotechnology, such as the use of biopolymerized or artificial surface micro-patterning nerve conduit to bridge nerve defects, and the use of microspheres to achieve the controlled release of extracellular matrix proteins and neurotrophic factors, is being widely studied and has achieved certain research results. This article reviews the research progress of stem cells in the repair of several major sensory nerves, such as optic nerves, olfactory nerves, cochlear nerves and sensory nerve fibers of sciatic nerve, expecting to provide a new perspective for neural repair of stem cells, broaden the preclinical research in nerve repair, and provide reference for follow-up clinical application.
Electrophysiological examination showed a significant recovery of sensory and motor function, and histological analysis showed that myelin reformation and axon growth were better than the control side
ADSCs secrete neurotrophin, which can promote the synthesis and correct localization of ECM in regenerated nerve tissue, and increase the chemotactic attraction of growth cone
Five-mm defect of left sciatic nerve in C57BL6 mice
iPSCs
Nerve conduit transplantation
The recovery of sensory and motor function in the iPSC group was significantly better than the control group, and histology suggested that myelin sheath and axon regeneration were significantly enhanced
iPSCs-derived neurospheres differentiate into Schwann cells, form myelin sheath or release nerve growth factor to promote axonal growth
The review was generally designed by ZHANG Yunlong and HUA Qingquan. The manuscript was drafted and revised by ZHANG Yunlong, CHEN Huidong, and ZHANG Zhijian. All the authors have read the last version of paper and consented for submission.
利益冲突声明
所有作者不存在利益冲突
COMPETING INTERESTS
All authors disclose no relevant conflict of interests.
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... Application of stem cell therapy in variety kinds of sensory nerve injuryTab 1
Model
Type
Route
Effect
Mechanism
Reference
Clamp injury in Lister hooded rats
UC-MSCs
Vitreous injection
The survival rate of RGC and the number of new axons and synapses were significantly increased
Factors that promote the survival or growth of target cells directly secreted or delivered through exocrine bodies
[6]
Crushing injury in SD rats
DPSCs/BMSCs
Vitreous injection
Both could promote the survival of RGC and the formation of neurite, with better effects on dental pulp stem cells
Neurotrophic effect of factors secreted by stem cells represented by NGF/BDNF/NT3
[7]
Unilateral olfactory nerve transection in SD rats
ADSCs
Caudal vein injection
The expression of OMP and the number of PCNA positive cells increased significantly
Secretion of neurotrophin and differentiation into olfactory neurons and olfactory epithelial cells affect the regeneration of olfactory epithelium
[18]
Olfactory epithelium injury induced by methimazole in mice
BMSCs/G-CSF
Caudal vein injection/hypodermic injection
There was a significant difference in survival rate of bone marrow cells implanted with G-CSF at different time
G-CSF mobilizes BMSCs from bone marrow to circulation and protects nerves by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis
[21]
Ten-mm defect of sciatic nerve in Wistar rats
ADSCs
Nerve conduit transplantation
Electrophysiological examination showed a significant recovery of sensory and motor function, and histological analysis showed that myelin reformation and axon growth were better than the control side
ADSCs secrete neurotrophin, which can promote the synthesis and correct localization of ECM in regenerated nerve tissue, and increase the chemotactic attraction of growth cone
[34]
Five-mm defect of left sciatic nerve in C57BL6 mice
iPSCs
Nerve conduit transplantation
The recovery of sensory and motor function in the iPSC group was significantly better than the control group, and histology suggested that myelin sheath and axon regeneration were significantly enhanced
iPSCs-derived neurospheres differentiate into Schwann cells, form myelin sheath or release nerve growth factor to promote axonal growth
... Application of stem cell therapy in variety kinds of sensory nerve injuryTab 1
Model
Type
Route
Effect
Mechanism
Reference
Clamp injury in Lister hooded rats
UC-MSCs
Vitreous injection
The survival rate of RGC and the number of new axons and synapses were significantly increased
Factors that promote the survival or growth of target cells directly secreted or delivered through exocrine bodies
[6]
Crushing injury in SD rats
DPSCs/BMSCs
Vitreous injection
Both could promote the survival of RGC and the formation of neurite, with better effects on dental pulp stem cells
Neurotrophic effect of factors secreted by stem cells represented by NGF/BDNF/NT3
[7]
Unilateral olfactory nerve transection in SD rats
ADSCs
Caudal vein injection
The expression of OMP and the number of PCNA positive cells increased significantly
Secretion of neurotrophin and differentiation into olfactory neurons and olfactory epithelial cells affect the regeneration of olfactory epithelium
[18]
Olfactory epithelium injury induced by methimazole in mice
BMSCs/G-CSF
Caudal vein injection/hypodermic injection
There was a significant difference in survival rate of bone marrow cells implanted with G-CSF at different time
G-CSF mobilizes BMSCs from bone marrow to circulation and protects nerves by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis
[21]
Ten-mm defect of sciatic nerve in Wistar rats
ADSCs
Nerve conduit transplantation
Electrophysiological examination showed a significant recovery of sensory and motor function, and histological analysis showed that myelin reformation and axon growth were better than the control side
ADSCs secrete neurotrophin, which can promote the synthesis and correct localization of ECM in regenerated nerve tissue, and increase the chemotactic attraction of growth cone
[34]
Five-mm defect of left sciatic nerve in C57BL6 mice
iPSCs
Nerve conduit transplantation
The recovery of sensory and motor function in the iPSC group was significantly better than the control group, and histology suggested that myelin sheath and axon regeneration were significantly enhanced
iPSCs-derived neurospheres differentiate into Schwann cells, form myelin sheath or release nerve growth factor to promote axonal growth
... Application of stem cell therapy in variety kinds of sensory nerve injuryTab 1
Model
Type
Route
Effect
Mechanism
Reference
Clamp injury in Lister hooded rats
UC-MSCs
Vitreous injection
The survival rate of RGC and the number of new axons and synapses were significantly increased
Factors that promote the survival or growth of target cells directly secreted or delivered through exocrine bodies
[6]
Crushing injury in SD rats
DPSCs/BMSCs
Vitreous injection
Both could promote the survival of RGC and the formation of neurite, with better effects on dental pulp stem cells
Neurotrophic effect of factors secreted by stem cells represented by NGF/BDNF/NT3
[7]
Unilateral olfactory nerve transection in SD rats
ADSCs
Caudal vein injection
The expression of OMP and the number of PCNA positive cells increased significantly
Secretion of neurotrophin and differentiation into olfactory neurons and olfactory epithelial cells affect the regeneration of olfactory epithelium
[18]
Olfactory epithelium injury induced by methimazole in mice
BMSCs/G-CSF
Caudal vein injection/hypodermic injection
There was a significant difference in survival rate of bone marrow cells implanted with G-CSF at different time
G-CSF mobilizes BMSCs from bone marrow to circulation and protects nerves by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis
[21]
Ten-mm defect of sciatic nerve in Wistar rats
ADSCs
Nerve conduit transplantation
Electrophysiological examination showed a significant recovery of sensory and motor function, and histological analysis showed that myelin reformation and axon growth were better than the control side
ADSCs secrete neurotrophin, which can promote the synthesis and correct localization of ECM in regenerated nerve tissue, and increase the chemotactic attraction of growth cone
[34]
Five-mm defect of left sciatic nerve in C57BL6 mice
iPSCs
Nerve conduit transplantation
The recovery of sensory and motor function in the iPSC group was significantly better than the control group, and histology suggested that myelin sheath and axon regeneration were significantly enhanced
iPSCs-derived neurospheres differentiate into Schwann cells, form myelin sheath or release nerve growth factor to promote axonal growth
... Application of stem cell therapy in variety kinds of sensory nerve injuryTab 1
Model
Type
Route
Effect
Mechanism
Reference
Clamp injury in Lister hooded rats
UC-MSCs
Vitreous injection
The survival rate of RGC and the number of new axons and synapses were significantly increased
Factors that promote the survival or growth of target cells directly secreted or delivered through exocrine bodies
[6]
Crushing injury in SD rats
DPSCs/BMSCs
Vitreous injection
Both could promote the survival of RGC and the formation of neurite, with better effects on dental pulp stem cells
Neurotrophic effect of factors secreted by stem cells represented by NGF/BDNF/NT3
[7]
Unilateral olfactory nerve transection in SD rats
ADSCs
Caudal vein injection
The expression of OMP and the number of PCNA positive cells increased significantly
Secretion of neurotrophin and differentiation into olfactory neurons and olfactory epithelial cells affect the regeneration of olfactory epithelium
[18]
Olfactory epithelium injury induced by methimazole in mice
BMSCs/G-CSF
Caudal vein injection/hypodermic injection
There was a significant difference in survival rate of bone marrow cells implanted with G-CSF at different time
G-CSF mobilizes BMSCs from bone marrow to circulation and protects nerves by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis
[21]
Ten-mm defect of sciatic nerve in Wistar rats
ADSCs
Nerve conduit transplantation
Electrophysiological examination showed a significant recovery of sensory and motor function, and histological analysis showed that myelin reformation and axon growth were better than the control side
ADSCs secrete neurotrophin, which can promote the synthesis and correct localization of ECM in regenerated nerve tissue, and increase the chemotactic attraction of growth cone
[34]
Five-mm defect of left sciatic nerve in C57BL6 mice
iPSCs
Nerve conduit transplantation
The recovery of sensory and motor function in the iPSC group was significantly better than the control group, and histology suggested that myelin sheath and axon regeneration were significantly enhanced
iPSCs-derived neurospheres differentiate into Schwann cells, form myelin sheath or release nerve growth factor to promote axonal growth
... Application of stem cell therapy in variety kinds of sensory nerve injuryTab 1
Model
Type
Route
Effect
Mechanism
Reference
Clamp injury in Lister hooded rats
UC-MSCs
Vitreous injection
The survival rate of RGC and the number of new axons and synapses were significantly increased
Factors that promote the survival or growth of target cells directly secreted or delivered through exocrine bodies
[6]
Crushing injury in SD rats
DPSCs/BMSCs
Vitreous injection
Both could promote the survival of RGC and the formation of neurite, with better effects on dental pulp stem cells
Neurotrophic effect of factors secreted by stem cells represented by NGF/BDNF/NT3
[7]
Unilateral olfactory nerve transection in SD rats
ADSCs
Caudal vein injection
The expression of OMP and the number of PCNA positive cells increased significantly
Secretion of neurotrophin and differentiation into olfactory neurons and olfactory epithelial cells affect the regeneration of olfactory epithelium
[18]
Olfactory epithelium injury induced by methimazole in mice
BMSCs/G-CSF
Caudal vein injection/hypodermic injection
There was a significant difference in survival rate of bone marrow cells implanted with G-CSF at different time
G-CSF mobilizes BMSCs from bone marrow to circulation and protects nerves by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis
[21]
Ten-mm defect of sciatic nerve in Wistar rats
ADSCs
Nerve conduit transplantation
Electrophysiological examination showed a significant recovery of sensory and motor function, and histological analysis showed that myelin reformation and axon growth were better than the control side
ADSCs secrete neurotrophin, which can promote the synthesis and correct localization of ECM in regenerated nerve tissue, and increase the chemotactic attraction of growth cone
[34]
Five-mm defect of left sciatic nerve in C57BL6 mice
iPSCs
Nerve conduit transplantation
The recovery of sensory and motor function in the iPSC group was significantly better than the control group, and histology suggested that myelin sheath and axon regeneration were significantly enhanced
iPSCs-derived neurospheres differentiate into Schwann cells, form myelin sheath or release nerve growth factor to promote axonal growth
... Application of stem cell therapy in variety kinds of sensory nerve injuryTab 1
Model
Type
Route
Effect
Mechanism
Reference
Clamp injury in Lister hooded rats
UC-MSCs
Vitreous injection
The survival rate of RGC and the number of new axons and synapses were significantly increased
Factors that promote the survival or growth of target cells directly secreted or delivered through exocrine bodies
[6]
Crushing injury in SD rats
DPSCs/BMSCs
Vitreous injection
Both could promote the survival of RGC and the formation of neurite, with better effects on dental pulp stem cells
Neurotrophic effect of factors secreted by stem cells represented by NGF/BDNF/NT3
[7]
Unilateral olfactory nerve transection in SD rats
ADSCs
Caudal vein injection
The expression of OMP and the number of PCNA positive cells increased significantly
Secretion of neurotrophin and differentiation into olfactory neurons and olfactory epithelial cells affect the regeneration of olfactory epithelium
[18]
Olfactory epithelium injury induced by methimazole in mice
BMSCs/G-CSF
Caudal vein injection/hypodermic injection
There was a significant difference in survival rate of bone marrow cells implanted with G-CSF at different time
G-CSF mobilizes BMSCs from bone marrow to circulation and protects nerves by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis
[21]
Ten-mm defect of sciatic nerve in Wistar rats
ADSCs
Nerve conduit transplantation
Electrophysiological examination showed a significant recovery of sensory and motor function, and histological analysis showed that myelin reformation and axon growth were better than the control side
ADSCs secrete neurotrophin, which can promote the synthesis and correct localization of ECM in regenerated nerve tissue, and increase the chemotactic attraction of growth cone
[34]
Five-mm defect of left sciatic nerve in C57BL6 mice
iPSCs
Nerve conduit transplantation
The recovery of sensory and motor function in the iPSC group was significantly better than the control group, and histology suggested that myelin sheath and axon regeneration were significantly enhanced
iPSCs-derived neurospheres differentiate into Schwann cells, form myelin sheath or release nerve growth factor to promote axonal growth