Bladder cancer is the most common malignant tumor in the urinary system. Currently, the clinical treatment options for bladder cancer mainly include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, photodynamic therapy, combination therapy, etc. The conventional treatment and administration strategies for bladder cancer primarily depend on the tumor stage and the extent of metastasis. However, in the process of non-surgical treatment, drugs lack specificity and targeting. Once the dosage is improperly controlled, drugs will damage normal cells when attacking cancer cells, which will lead to poor efficacy and multiple side effects. Nanomedicine is an emerging interdisciplinary field that utilizes nanomaterials and technologies in nanomedicine to provide disruptive technologies for traditional treatments, with advantages such as targeted delivery and high efficiency with low toxicity. Many nanotechnologies have become hot topics in clinical research in the field of medicine. Functionalized nanoparticles can actively or passively target specific cells within target organs, such as bladder cancer cells, by altering their surface properties, thereby enhancing drug delivery precision, reducing damage to normal cells, and improving treatment efficacy. This article provides an overview of the progress in classical and novel treatment approaches to bladder cancer, with a particular focus on the potential applications and future development directions of nanotechnology in the treatment of bladder cancer, providing important reference for personalized therapy and clinical translation in bladder cancer.
Keywords:bladder cancer
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nanotechnology
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targeting effect
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treatment
YANG Chenkai, LI Wei, CAO Xiangqian, HE Lei, LI Shengzhou, SHEN Bing. Research progress in the treatment of bladder cancer based on nanotechnology. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Medical Science)[J], 2023, 43(12): 1562-1568 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2023.12.012
为增强对膀胱癌细胞特异的杀伤效应,纳米体系经常被赋予一定的靶向性。纳米药物的肿瘤靶向通常通过2种主要机制介导,包括被动靶向和主动靶向[42-43]。被动靶向机制的发现可以追溯到1986年,当时MATSUMURA和MAEDA[42]发现了肿瘤的高渗透性,而GERLOWSKI和JAIN[44]开始探索药物的长滞留性[高渗透强滞留效应(enhanced permeability and retention effect,EPR效应)]。主动靶向依赖于具有靶向分子(如抗体或肽)的功能化NPs,其可以增加药物在病理部位的内化。在这种情况下,药物与抗体的比率可以大大超过常规抗体-药物缀合物的比率[45]。经过设计的纳米颗粒可以通过主动或被动靶向(EPR效应)将药物递送到靶器官内的靶细胞,从而实现癌症的成像、诊断和治疗[46-47]。
YANG Chenkai contributed to the conceptualization of the paper and drafted the initial manuscript. LI Wei and SHEN Bing provided guidance on the writing approach. CAO Xiangqian, HE Lei, and LI Shengzhou were responsible for reviewing and revising the paper. All the authors have read the last version of paper and consented for submission.
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COMPETING INTERESTS
All authors disclose no relevant conflict of interests.
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