上海交通大学学报(医学版), 2024, 44(9): 1182-1189 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2024.09.013

论著 · 临床研究

头颈部木村病的影像学特征研究

罗瑞,1, 杨功鑫1, 石慧敏1, 韩永顺1, 何一宁2, 田臻3, 吴颖为,1

1.上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院放射科,上海 200011

2.上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院统计教研室,上海 200011

3.上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院病理科,上海 200011

Study of imaging characteristics of Kimura disease in the head and neck

LUO Rui,1, YANG Gongxin1, SHI Huimin1, HAN Yongshun1, HE Yining2, TIAN Zhen3, WU Yingwei,1

1.Department of Radiology, Shanghai Ninth People′s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China

2.Department of Statistics, Shanghai Ninth People′s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China

3.Department of Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People′s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China

通讯作者: 吴颖为,电子信箱:wuyw0103@hotmail.com

编委: 瞿麟平

收稿日期: 2024-03-06   接受日期: 2024-04-19  

基金资助: 国家自然科学基金.  82373114
上海交通大学医学院“双百人”项目.  20191815
上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院交叉研究基金.  JYJC202107

Corresponding authors: WU Yingwei, E-mail:wuyw0103@hotmail.com.

Received: 2024-03-06   Accepted: 2024-04-19  

作者简介 About authors

罗 瑞(1994—),男,硕士生;电子信箱:965871436@qq.com。 E-mail:965871436@qq.com

摘要

目的·探究头颈部木村病患者计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)和磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)的影像学特征。方法·回顾性收集2009—2023年上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院经病理学确诊的头颈部木村病患者64例,所有患者均在术前完成CT和/或MRI增强成像。收集、记录及分析患者临床及影像学特征,其中包括年龄,性别,外周血嗜酸性粒细胞比例,血清IgE水平,病变位置、形态、大小、CT密度及强化程度、MRI信号及强化程度、表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)、时间-信号强度曲线(time-signal intensity curve,TIC)类型、灌注速率及达峰时间(time to peak,TTP)。结果·64例木村病患者平均年龄(40±19)岁,男性占92.2%;73.5%患者嗜酸性粒细胞比例升高,所有检测血清IgE的患者(10例)IgE水平均升高。CT和MRI共发现结外病变(皮下和腺体病变)82个、淋巴结病变144个;结外病变中,80.5%表现为皮下或腺体内边界不清的斑片状病变,其他为边界清晰的结节状病变。所有病变在CT上均呈等密度影,在MRI上均表现为T1加权成像(T1-weighted imaging,T1WI)等信号,T2加权成像(T2-weighted imaging,T2WI)高信号。结外病变增强后多呈不均匀强化,而淋巴结病变增强后多呈均匀强化。结外病变和淋巴结病变的ADC中位数分别为1.04×10 -3 mm 2/s和0.67×10 -3 mm 2/s,差异具有统计学意义( P=0.000)。动态增强磁共振成像结果显示,结外病变的TIC类型主要为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型,分别占57.5%和42.5%;而淋巴结病变TIC类型主要为Ⅱ型(96.6%)。结外病变和淋巴结病变的TTP和灌注速率,差异均具有统计学意义(均 P=0.000)。结论·木村病结外病变及淋巴结病变在CT上呈等密度影,在MRI上表现为T1WI等信号、T2WI高信号。结外病变ADC较高,TIC类型为Ⅰ或Ⅱ型,增强后多呈不均匀强化;淋巴结病变ADC较低,TIC类型多为Ⅱ型,增强后多呈均匀强化。

关键词: 木村病 ; 计算机断层扫描 ; 磁共振成像 ; 扩散加权成像 ; 动态增强磁共振成像

Abstract

Objective ·To investigate the imaging features of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the patients with Kimura disease (KD) in the head and neck. Methods ·Sixty-four cases of KD in the head and neck comfirmed by histopathology were retrospectively collected from 2009 to 2023 in Shanghai Ninth People′s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. All patients completed CT and/or MRI enhancement imaging before surgery. Clinical and imaging characteristics were collected, recorded and analyzed, including age, gender, peripheral blood eosinophilic ratio, serum IgE level, the lesion location, shape, size, CT density and degree of enhancement, MRI signal intensity and degree of enhancement, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), time-signal intensity curve (TIC) patterns, wash-in rate, and time to peak (TTP). Results ·The average age of the 64 KD patients was (40±19) years, and 92.2% were males. A total of 73.5% of the patients showed an elevated ratio of peripheral blood eosinophil, and all 10 tested patients exhibited increased serum IgE levels. There were 82 extranodal (subcutaneous and glandular) lesions and 144 lymph node lesions detected by CT and MRI. Among the extranodal lesions, 80.5% were subcutaneous or glandular patchy lesions with unclear boundaries, and the rest were nodular lesions with clear boundaries. All lesions exhibited isodensity on CT scans and showed isointensity on T1-weighted imaging (T1WI) and hyperintensity on T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) in MRI. Most extranodal lesions tended to show heterogeneous enhancement, while most lymph node lesions showed homogeneous enhancement. The median ADCs of the extranodal lesions and the lymph node lesions were 1.04×10 -3 mm 2/s and 0.67×10 -3 mm 2/s, respectively, which were significantly different ( P=0.000). The dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) results showed that the TIC patterns of extranodal lesions were predominantly type Ⅰ and Ⅱ, accounting for 57.5% and 42.5%, respectively; while the TIC patterns of lymph node lesions were predominantly type Ⅱ (96.6%). The difference in the TTP and the wash-in rate between the extranodal lesions and the lymph node lesions were both statistically significant ( P=0.000). Conclusion ·Extranodal lesions and lymph node lesions of KD both show isodensity on CT, and isointensity on T1WI and hyperintensity on T2WI in MRI. Extranodal lesions often show high ADC, TIC type Ⅰ or Ⅱ, and mostly heterogeneous enhancement; lymph node lesions often show low ADC, TIC type Ⅱ, and mostly homogenous enhancement.

Keywords: Kimura disease ; computed tomography (CT) ; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ; diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) ; dynamic enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI)

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罗瑞, 杨功鑫, 石慧敏, 韩永顺, 何一宁, 田臻, 吴颖为. 头颈部木村病的影像学特征研究. 上海交通大学学报(医学版)[J], 2024, 44(9): 1182-1189 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2024.09.013

LUO Rui, YANG Gongxin, SHI Huimin, HAN Yongshun, HE Yining, TIAN Zhen, WU Yingwei. Study of imaging characteristics of Kimura disease in the head and neck. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Medical Science)[J], 2024, 44(9): 1182-1189 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2024.09.013

木村病(Kimura disease),又称为嗜酸性淋巴结肉芽肿,是一种嗜酸性粒细胞增殖型淋巴结肉芽肿。1937年,由KIM和SZETO首次报道了该病病例;至1948年,KIMURA等人通过病理学观察将该病定义为一种伴有淋巴组织增生性改变的不寻常肉芽组织,并以Kimura命名 1- 2

木村病是一种临床罕见的病因不明的慢性免疫性疾病,发病率不到1/10万 3。该疾病主要发生在亚裔人群 4,男性好发,发病年龄高峰在10~40岁 5。临床上木村病主要表现为头颈部的无痛肿块 4,少部分患者可有咳嗽、水肿、皮肤瘙痒和色素沉着的症状 46。木村病的病理特征主要表现为不同程度的嗜酸性粒细胞浸润、血管增殖及纤维化 7,并可伴有外周血嗜酸性粒细胞比例增高、血清IgE升高等实验室指标异常。

有较多的文献清晰地描述了木村病的临床表现和病理特征,但相关的影像学研究较少,通常是个案及小组病例报道。我们收集了64例经组织病理学确诊的木村病患者的临床信息,及计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)和磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)的影像学数据,并分析其特征,以期为临床提供参考。

1 对象和方法

1.1 患者入选标准

回顾性收集2009—2023年在上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院经组织病理学确诊的64例木村病患者。入选标准:① 经组织病理学确诊为木村病。② 病变位于头颈部。③ 首次确诊或治疗前有完善的CT或增强MRI(contrast enhanced-MRI,CE-MRI)影像学资料。排除标准:① 合并累及头颈部皮下组织、腺体或淋巴结的其他疾病。② 影像学资料(CT或MRI)有严重伪影,影响观察。

1.2 影像学检查

64例患者有42例接受了CT检查(CT平扫2例、增强CT 40例),30例接受了常规和增强MRI检查,其中有8例患者同时接受了CT和MRI检查。CT仪器为64排螺旋CT机(Revolution CT,美国GE),以3.0 mL/s的速度静脉注射50 mL碘美普尔注射液后延迟48 s进行CT增强扫描(层厚1 mm,层间距1 mm)。MRI仪器为1.5 T磁共振仪(Signa Twinspeed,美国GE)和3.0 T磁共振仪(Ingenia,荷兰飞利浦),在轴位和冠状位图像上分别进行T1加权成像(T1-weighted imaging,T1WI)、T2加权成像(T2-weighted imaging,T2WI)或脂肪抑制T2WI,在轴位上进行扩散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)(b值为1 000 s/mm 2)。以3.0 mL/s的速度静脉注射15 mL钆喷酸葡胺后,立即行动态增强扫描,共扫描20期,每期扫描7.5 s,获得轴位动态增强MRI(dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI,DCE-MRI)和脂肪抑制增强T1WI。具体MRI扫描参数如 表1所示。

表1   不同型号 MRI仪不同序列的详细扫描参数

Tab 1  Detailed parameters of each scanning sequence in the two MRI machines

SequenceFOV/(mm×mm)FA/(°)TR/msTE/msSlice thickness/mmSlice gap/mmMatrix size
1.5 T MRI machine (GE)
T1WI (FSE)240×24090540956.0512×512
Fat suppression-T2WI (FSFSE)240×240904 4409456.0512×512
T2WI-Cor (FSE)220×220903 7008045.0512×512
DWI (SE-EPI)240×240902 2007055.5256×256
Fat suppression-T1WI+C (FSFSE)240×24090700956.0512×512
Fat suppression-T1WI+C-Cor (FSFSE)220×220905001045.0512×512
DCE-MRI (FSPGR)240×240304255.5256×256
3.0 T MRI machine (Philips)
T1WI (TSE)210×210906411844.5512×512
Fat suppression-T2WI (HR-mDIXON-TSE)210×210902 8108544.5384×384
Fat suppression-T2WI-Cor (SS-mDIXON)210×210903 0008033.3864×864
DWI (SPAIR)222×222902 2546855.5192×192
Fat suppression-T1WI+C (mDIXON-TSE-Fast)209×209905821544.5336×336
Fat suppression-T1WI+C-Cor (mDIXON-TSE)210×210905891633.3432×432
DCE-MRI (THRIVE)210×210107463.0320×320

Note: FOV—field of view; FA—flip angle; TR—repetition time; TE—echo time; FSE—fast spin echo; FSFSE—fat suppression fast spin echo; Cor—coronal; SE-EPI—spin-echo echo planar imaging; C—contrast; FSPGR—fast spoiled gradient recalled echo; TSE—turbo spin echo; HR-mDIXON-TSE—high-resolution modified-DIXON turbo spin echo; SS-mDIXON—single-shot modified-DIXON; SPAIR—spectral attenuated inversion recovery; mDIXON-TSE-Fast—modified-DIXON turbo spin echo fast; mDIXON-TSE—modified-DIXON turbo spin echo; THRIVE—T1 high resolution isotropic volumn excitation.

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1.3 图像后处理及参数测量

由2名经验丰富的头颈放射科副主任医师回顾分析CT和MRI影像中的病变位置(包括多重性和双侧性)、形态、边缘、大小、CT密度和MRI信号强度、强化程度和强化模式、表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)、达峰时间(time to peak,TTP)、灌注速率(wash-in rate)及廓清率(wash-out rate)。

1.3.1 病变的分类及定义

将木村病病变分为结外病变(皮下和腺体内病变)和淋巴结病变。对于皮下组织或腺体病灶同侧的淋巴结,或无结外病变时的双侧淋巴结,将颈Ⅰ、Ⅱ区淋巴结长径>15 mm,颈Ⅲ、Ⅶ区淋巴结长径>10 mm,腮腺内淋巴结长径>8 mm定义为淋巴结病变 8

1.3.2 木村病的常规成像

我们根据结外病变的形态,将其分为结节状和斑片状,同时根据与周围组织的分界情况,将病变边界定义为清晰和不清晰。所有病变的最大径均在最大截面测量。CT及MRI上我们将病变与邻近肌肉比较,密度/信号强度与邻近肌肉相仿,则定义为等密度/信号;而高于或低于邻近肌肉密度/信号强度,则定义为高密度/信号或低密度/信号。CT中病变的强化程度定义:注射对比剂前后CT值增幅0~10 HU为无强化,11~20 HU为轻度强化,21~40 HU为中度强化,大于40 HU为明显强化。MRI中病变的强化程度定义:注射对比剂后,病变信号强度低于邻近肌肉为轻度强化,介于邻近肌肉和鼻窦黏膜为中度强化,类似或高于鼻窦黏膜为明显强化 5。另外还记录了在CT中病变钙化的情况。病变相邻受累皮肤与对侧或相邻正常皮肤厚度比≥1.2∶1的征象定义为皮肤增厚。

1.3.3 功能MRI成像后处理

DWI和DCE-MRI原始数据在工作站(AMAX,TS40-X2,中国)及飞利浦公司提供的Philips InstellSpace Portal Properties进行离线处理,获得ADC图和时间-信号强度曲线(time-signal intensity curve,TIC)。然后,由上述2名医师根据脂肪抑制的增强T1WI图像手动勾画感兴趣区(region of interest,ROI),以确保整个病变除明显坏死和囊变部分外均被包括在内。对于淋巴结病变,我们选择ADC图上各淋巴结最大径的切面,勾画ROI,测量各淋巴结病变的ADC值,并取其平均值;对于结外病变,我们在ADC图上病灶各切面勾画ROI并测量ADC值,然后取平均值。对于TIC类型,我们避开病变明显坏死和囊变部分,选择DCE-MRI序列上病变强化部分手动勾画ROI,计算得到病变TTP、灌注速率及廓清率。并根据廓清率和TTP将病变TIC分为4种类型 9:Ⅰ型,TTP>120 s;Ⅱ型,TTP≤120 s,廓清率≤30%;Ⅲ型,TTP≤120 s,廓清率>30%;Ⅳ型,无强化。

1.4 统计学分析

使用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计学分析。符合正态分布的定量资料以 x± s表示,非正态分布的定量资料以 MP25P75)表示;非正态分布的定量资料采用Mann-Whitney U检验进行比较。定性资料以频数(百分比)表示,并通过卡方检验或Fisher精确检验进行比较。 P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 患者临床特征

64例木村病患者中,男性59例(92.2%)、女性5例(7.8%),年龄8~74岁,平均年龄为(40±19)岁。所有的患者均表现为头颈部无痛性肿胀或肿块。在49例接受外周血检查的患者中,36例(73.5%)患者嗜酸性粒细胞比例升高,范围8.5%~59.1%,中位数为19.1%(13.9%,23.2%);10例接受血清IgE水平检测的患者IgE均不同程度地升高,范围193~17 500 U/mL,中位数为2 245(312,7 318)U/mL。

2.2 患者常规影像学特征

64例木村病患者中,双侧病变患者12例(18.8%)、单侧病变52例(81.2%),59例(92.2%)出现结外病变,42例(65.6%)出现淋巴结病变,48例(75.0%)有多部位累及。结外病变中,累及皮下组织和腺体(腮腺及泪腺)分别为50例(78.1%)和40例(62.5%),其中19例患者可见多发结外病变(15例患者有2个结外病变,3例有3个病变,1例有4个病变)。47例(73.4%)患者存在病变邻近的皮肤增厚。

64例患者的影像学结果如 表2表3所示。共发现结外病变82个、淋巴结病变144个。结外病变形态上主要表现为斑片状( 图1)和结节状( 图2),其中66个(80.5%)病变呈边界不清的斑片状,16个(19.5%)病变呈边界清晰的结节状。结外病变的最大径范围0.9~19.1 cm,中位数为4.3(3.2,5.8)cm。淋巴结病变的最大径范围0.9~6.0 cm,中位数为1.7(1.3,2.1)cm。

表2   64例木村病患者结外病变的影像学特征( n=82)

Tab 2  Imaging characteristics of extra-nodal lesions in 64 patients with Kimura disease ( n=82)

ItemValue
Location/ n(%)
Parotid +subcutaneous tissue29 (35.4)
Lacrimal gland+subcutaneous tissue1 (1.2)
Parotid16 (19.5)
Subcutaneous tissue36 (43.9)
Border/ n(%)
Well-defined16 (19.5)
Ill-defined66 (80.5)
Morphology/ n(%)
Patchy66 (80.5)
Nodular16 (19.5)
Maximum diameter/cm4.3 (3.2, 5.8)
CT
Non-enhanced/ n(%)
Isodensity53 (100.0)
Others0 (0)
Enhancement
Homogenous/ n(%)
Marked2 (3.9)
Others0 (0)
Heterogeneous/ n(%)
Mild7 (13.7)
Middle24 (47.1)
Marked18 (35.3)
MRI
T1WI/ n(%)
Isointensity40 (100.0)
Others0 (0)
T2WI/ n(%)
Hyperintensity40 (100.0)
Others0 (0)
Enhancement (fat suppression T1WI)
Homogenous/ n(%)
Marked2 (5.0)
Others0 (0)
Heterogeneous/ n(%)
Mild1 (2.5)
Marked37 (92.5)

Note:There were 53 extra-nodal lesions observed in non-enhanced CT. There were 51 extra-nodal lesions observed in enhanced CT. There were 40 extra-nodal lesions observed in MRI.

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表3   64例木村病患者淋巴结病变的影像学特征( n=144)

Tab 3  Imaging characteristics of lymph node lesions in 64 patients with Kimura disease ( n=144)

ItemValue
Location/ n(%)
Neck53 (36.8)
Parotid91 (63.2)
Maximum diameter/cm1.7 (1.3, 2.1)
CT
Non-enhanced/ n(%)
Isodensity78 (100.0)
Others0 (0)
Enhancement
Homogenous/ n(%)
Mild7 (9.1)
Middle35 (45.4)
Marked35 (45.5)
Heterogeneous/ n(%)0 (0)
MRI
T1WI/ n(%)
Isointensity87 (100.0)
Others0 (0)
T2WI/ n(%)
Hyperintensity87 (100.0)
Others0 (0)
Enhancement (fat suppression T1WI)
Homogenous/ n(%)
Mild3 (3.4)
Marked84 (96.6)
Heterogeneous/ n(%)0 (0)

Note:There were 78 lymph node lesions observed in non-enhanced CT. There were 77 lymph node lesions observed in enhanced CT. There were 87 lymph node lesions observed in MRI.

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图1

图1   右侧颊部皮下组织斑片状病变患者的影像学表现

Note: A/B. Non-enhanced (A) and enhanced (B) axial CT scan showing an ill-defined patchy isodense lesion with adjacent skin thickening (white arrow) and an enlarged right cervical lymph node in the Ⅰb level (red arrow). C/D. An ill-defined patchy lesion with adjacent skin thickening (white arrow) and an enlarged lymph node (red arrow) in the axial T1WI (C) and fat-suppressed T2WI (D). E. In the axial fat-suppressed enhanced T1WI, the subcutaneous lesion showed heterogeneous hyperenhancement. F. ADC map showing that the ADC value of the subcutaneous lesion (white arrow) was higher than that of the lymph node lesion (red arrow).

Fig 1   Imaging manifestations of a patchy lesion in the right buccal subcutaneous tissues of a patient


图2

图2   右侧颊部皮下组织结节状病变患者的影像学及组织病理学表现

Note: A/B. Axial T1WI (A) and fat-suppressed T2WI (B) showing a well-defined nodular lesion (white arrow) and an enlarged lymph node (red arrow). C. Homogeneous hyperenhancement of the subcutaneous lesion on axial fat-suppressed enhanced T1WI. D. ADC map showing that the ADC value of the subcutaneous lesion (white arrow) was higher than that of the lymph node lesion (red arrow). E. TIC patterns of the subcutaneous lesion (top) and the lymph node lesion (bottom). F. The subcutaneous lesion showing hyperplastic follicles with diffused eosinophilic infiltration (hematoxylin-eosin staining, ×400).

Fig 2   Imaging and histopathological manifestations of a nodular lesion in the right buccal subcutaneous tissues of a patient


42例患者的CT扫描结果( 表2表3)显示:53个结外病变及78个淋巴结病变与邻近肌肉相比,均呈等密度影,且未发现明确的钙化成分。注射对比剂后,51个结外病变在CT上更倾向表现为不均匀强化(49个,96.1%),仅有2个(3.9%)表现为均匀明显强化。而淋巴结病变均呈均匀强化,以中度和明显强化居多,仅有7个表现为轻度强化。

30例患者的常规MRI( 表2表3)显示,40个结外病变和87个淋巴结病变与邻近肌肉相比,均呈T1WI等信号、T2WI高信号。增强后,结外病变更多地表现为不均匀明显强化,仅有1个表现为不均匀轻度强化,2个表现为均匀明显强化。而淋巴结病变均表现为均匀强化,其中84个表现为明显强化,仅3个表现为轻度强化。此外,有33个结外病变在T2WI和脂肪抑制增强T1WI上发现血管流空信号影。

2.3 64例木村病患者功能 MRI特征

分析30例患者DWI及DCE-MRI数据,共包含40个结外病变和87个淋巴结病变。其中有结外病变的患者28例,有淋巴结病变的患者23例,两者均累及的患者21例。结果发现木村病结外病变的ADC值显著高于淋巴结病变,差异具有统计学意义( P=0.000, 表4图1图2)。注入对比剂后,23个(57.5%)结外病变表现为渐进性强化(Ⅰ型),17个(42.5%)表现为早期强化后持续强化(Ⅱ型);而淋巴结病变中,87个均表现为早期强化,其中84个(96.6%)达峰后表现为持续强化(Ⅱ型),3个(3.4%)达峰后

表4   结外病变和淋巴结病变功能 MRI指标比较

Tab 4  Comparison of functional MRI parameters between extra-nodal lesions and lymph node lesions

ItemExtra-nodal lesionLymph node lesionP value
ADC/(×10 -3 mm 2·s -1)1.04 (0.92, 1.32)0.67 (0.60, 0.75)0.000
TIC/ n(%)0.000
Type Ⅰ23 (57.5)0 (0)
Type Ⅱ17 (42.5)84 (96.6)
Type Ⅲ0 (0)3 (3.4)
Wash-in rate/s -115.5 (4.7, 39.7)33.0 (16.1, 55.6)0.000
TTP/s73.0 (52.5, 110.5)45.0 (34.0, 60.0)0.000

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表现为廓清(Ⅲ型)( 表4)。同时本研究中结外病变及淋巴结病变TTP和灌注速率差异亦有统计学意义(均 P=0.000, 表4)。

3 讨论

木村病的组织病理学特征为嗜酸性粒细胞、浆细胞、淋巴细胞和肥大细胞浸润,并表现出相关的血管增殖和基质纤维化。虽然木村病的原因仍然未知,但IgE介导的Ⅰ型超敏反应和辅助性T细胞2(Th2)型细胞因子的免疫失调在其发病机制中起着重要作用,其潜在诱因包括组织损伤、过敏、感染、内分泌紊乱和自身免疫反应 510- 12。木村病好发于10~40岁的亚裔人群,其中男性占比约87%,且多伴有相关淋巴结病变(发生率为25%~100%) 713- 15。患者同时伴有外周血嗜酸性粒细胞增多(5.8%~51%)和血清IgE升高(193~6 827 U/mL) 413- 1416。本研究的结果总体上与之前研究的结果一致:男性占比高(92.2%),平均年龄(40±19)岁,多伴淋巴结病变(65.6%);接受实验室检查的患者中,73.5%患者的嗜酸性粒细胞比例升高;所有行血清IgE检查患者的该指标均升高。

由于木村病的病例数少,且临床和影像学表现均缺乏特征性,因此木村病的临床诊断和鉴别诊断非常困难。迄今为止关于木村病的研究大多为零散的病例报道,且对于木村病的典型影像学特征仍未达成共识。笔者检索到的影像学研究 591517- 18报道的最大病例数为28例,仅报道了木村病笼统的影像学征象:皮下及唾液腺病变在CT上多表现为斑片状或团块状软组织密度灶;在MRI上多表现为T1WI等信号或低信号,而T2WI则呈现出均质或不均质高信号,病变边界清晰或不清晰;注射对比剂后病灶可呈现低、等或高的不同强化模式。木村病累及的淋巴结病变在CT上表现为均匀等密度影,在MRI上表现为均匀一致的T1WI等信号、T2WI高信号,边界清楚。虽然上述影像学特征对木村病的临床诊断有一定帮助,但仍然缺乏定量和功能学的影像特征,使木村病和其他头颈部肿瘤、神经纤维瘤病或淋巴瘤等的鉴别仍然存在较大困难。本研究收集了本中心过去15年病理诊断明确且影像学资料完整的木村病患者共64例,为一个较大组的回顾性研究。本研究在系统性分析木村病的CT和MRI的影像学特征后发现,木村病所累及的淋巴结病变和结外病变的影像学特征有相同之处,也有不同之处。如结外病变及淋巴结病变在CT平扫中均呈等密度影,且未发现明显的钙化、坏死及囊变成分。注射对比剂后,结外病变更多表现为不均匀强化,在CT上主要表现为中度或明显强化,而在MRI上主要表现为明显强化;淋巴结病变在注射对比剂后均呈均匀强化,在CT上主要表现为中度或明显强化,在MRI上主要表现为明显强化。结外病变信号强度及强化程度的多变性被认为是由于单个病变中包含不同程度的纤维化和血管增生 5。病变强化程度在不同检查方式上的表现存在差异可能是由于在注射对比剂后获得MRI增强图像的时间较CT更长,因此木村病结外病变及淋巴结病变在MRI几乎都表现为明显强化。此外,我们发现结外病变多表现为头颈部皮下组织和(或)腮腺内单发病变,呈边界不清的斑片状病灶,这可能提示在木村病结外病变中,嗜酸性粒细胞浸润可能是散在分布的。少数病例中可发现多发或双侧病变。部分文献中提及在T2WI和脂肪抑制增强T1WI上发现木村病结外病变中血管流空信号影,本研究中有33个结外病变可观察到该征象。此外,我们还发现大部分(73.4%)木村病患者有病变邻近皮肤增厚的影像学表现,同时有文献 15报道部分患者出现患处表面皮肤粗糙的体征,因此我们猜测该皮肤增厚的影像学征象可能与病变邻近皮肤也被免疫细胞浸润有关 8,但这仍需要病理学检查的证实。

MRI功能成像,如DWI和DCE-MRI,可提供定性、定量或半定量的结果,除解剖结构外,还包括组织、细胞成分,血流动力学特征等病理生理过程。HORIKOSHI等 9在一个样本量7人的回顾性研究中,得到结外病变及淋巴结病变ADC分别为(1.21±0.33)×10 -3 mm 2/s和(0.91±0.25)×10 -3 mm 2/s;且结外病变在DCE-MRI上呈渐进性强化,而淋巴结病变呈现早期强化。本研究的结果大致与该文献结果一致,我们测得的结外病变及淋巴结病变ADC中位数分别为1.04×10 -3 mm 2/s和0.67×10 -3 mm 2/s,且差异具有统计学意义。在DCE-MRI上,57.5%结外病变表现为渐进性强化(Ⅰ型),42.5%表现为早期强化后持续强化(Ⅱ型);而淋巴结病变中均表现为早期强化,96.6%达峰后表现为持续强化(Ⅱ型),3.4%达峰后表现为廓清(Ⅲ型)。木村病患者的结外病变与淋巴结病变在ADC值及TIC类型上的差异,可能是由于结外病变比淋巴结病变包含更多的纤维化组织,这些纤维化组织导致它们在DCE-MRI上表现为逐渐增强,而淋巴结病变的细胞密度更高导致其在DWI上表现为明显高信号(ADC值更低)。此外,我们还发现结外病变的TTP显著长于淋巴结病变,从另一侧面证实结外病变在注射对比剂后渐进性强化的模式。

头颈部木村病需要鉴别的疾病包括腮腺原发性肿瘤、恶性淋巴瘤、淋巴结结核、干燥综合征等。常见的腮腺原发性肿瘤包括多形性腺瘤、淋巴瘤性乳头状囊腺瘤(又称沃辛瘤)等 19,两者与木村病相似,都具有缓慢发病的特征。多形性腺瘤在T2WI和脂肪抑制T1WI上更具有异质性,往往伴有坏死、出血和钙化,且具有更高的ADC值 19- 20;而沃辛瘤MRI信号多均匀,相较于木村病结外病变,其ADC值更低,且TIC类型多呈廓清型(Ⅲ型) 19- 20。恶性淋巴瘤在MRI上主要表现为均匀信号,同时结外病变ADC值比木村病更低 21。干燥综合征是一种病因不明的慢性自身免疫性疾病,涉及外分泌腺,主要累及唾液腺及泪腺,易伴发淋巴瘤,尤其是黏膜相关淋巴组织(mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue,MALT)淋巴瘤,易与木村病混淆。通常干燥综合征伴MALT淋巴瘤在T2WI上信号较不均匀,呈多囊状或实性改变 22;淋巴结结核主要表现为淋巴结肿大,且多见坏死。而本研究中的木村病淋巴结病变并未发现明显的坏死成分。

综上所述,木村病在CT或MRI上可表现为头颈部的皮下组织和腮腺内边界不清的斑片样病变,常累及邻近皮肤导致增厚,并伴有淋巴结肿大。MRI功能成像上,结外病变主要呈渐进性强化(Ⅰ型TIC),且具有较高的ADC值;而淋巴结病变多表现为持续强化(Ⅱ型TIC),且ADC值明显低于结外病变。MRI功能成像上结内外病变特征差异有助于木村病的临床诊断,以及与其他头颈部病变的鉴别诊断。由于木村病的罕见性及医师对该病的认识度不够,部分患者首次就诊时未能完善影像学资料,导致本研究入组的样本量仍有限;今后我们将进一步收集资料,为临床提供更多该疾病的影像学支撑。

作者贡献声明

罗瑞负责论文写作,罗瑞、杨功鑫参与研究实施,罗瑞,杨功鑫、田臻参与数据收集,罗瑞、何一宁参与数据分析,吴颖为、石慧敏、韩永顺参与论文修改,吴颖为负责研究设计及监督。所有作者均阅读并同意了最终稿件的提交。

AUTHOR's CONTRIBUTIONS

The manuscript was drafted by LUO Rui. Study implementation was completed by LUO Rui and YANG Gongxin. Data collection was completed by LUO Rui, YANG Gongxin and TIAN Zhen. The data was analyzed by LUO Rui and HE Yining. The manuscript was revised by WU Yingwei, SHI Huimin and HAN Yongshun. The study was designed and supervised by WU Yingwei. All the authors have read the last version of paper and consented for submission.

利益冲突声明

所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。

COMPETING INTERESTS

All authors disclose no relevant conflict of interests.

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