Research progress in the relationship between ultra-processed food intake and pregnancy outcomes
MI Xiaoyang,1,2, DING Ying1,2, CHEN Yijing3, JIA Jie,1,2,4
1.Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
2.Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Health Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
3.Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Health Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
4.Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Digestion and Nutrition, Shanghai 200092, China
In recent years, the global consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) has increased. UPFs are classified as the fourth group of food in the NOVA classification system: industrially formulated foods made entirely or mostly from substances extracted from foods (oils, fats, sugar, starch, proteins, etc), derivatives of food constituents (hydrogenated fats, modified starches, etc), or multiple food additives. Common manufacturing techniques include extrusion, moulding, and pre-frying. As high-energy-density foods, UPFs are typically characterized by high levels of sugar, fat, and salt, and low levels of dietary fiber, protein, vitamins, and minerals, resulting in low nutrient density. Studies have shown that a high intake of UPFs increases the risk of various chronic diseases. Nutrition during pregnancy is a crucial factor influencing pregnancy outcomes, and balanced and adequate nutrient intake is essential for the health of both the mother and child. Given that UPFs have limited nutritional density, high intake during pregnancy may be detrimental to maternal and infant health. However, the impact of consuming UPFs during pregnancy on maternal and infant health is not extensively studied. This article reviews the literature on the effects of UPFs on pregnancy outcomes, aiming to provide a foundation for further research and personalized dietary guidance.
MI Xiaoyang, DING Ying, CHEN Yijing, JIA Jie. Research progress in the relationship between ultra-processed food intake and pregnancy outcomes. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Medical Science)[J], 2025, 45(1): 113-121 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2025.01.014
妊娠期妇女中，研究关注各人口学统计量，如年龄、孕前身体质量指数（body mass index，BMI）、受教育水平、家庭收入、产次等，但尚缺乏有规模的专项研究。有研究发现，经产妇易以富含UPFs的“西方饮食模式”为主［14］。其他研究指出孕期UPFs摄入与产妇年龄、教育程度呈负相关，与孕前BMI和吸烟呈正相关［15］。然而，尚缺乏针对不同国家、地区妊娠期妇女孕期UPFs摄入变化趋势的研究。
Maternal age, race, pre-pregnancy BMI, educational level, marital status, parity, family income, smoking status in the first 6 months of pregnancy and energy intake
Maternal history of previous preterm delivery, maternal age, height, pre-pregnancy BMI, marital status, parity, smoking, education level, family income, and total energy intake
Maternal history of previous preterm delivery, maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, marital status, parity, smoking, education level and total energy intake
Form of food consumption markers in the food and nutrition surveillance system
maximum
vs
minimum
OR=1.46
(1.02, 2.10)
Maternal age, marital status, education level, per capita income, prenatal weight, final fetal weight, increase in gestational age and gestational age, type of delivery, number of pregnancies
Maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, education level, smoking, physical activity, family history of diabetes, parity, time spent watching TV, hypertension, nutritional therapy and total energy intake
Maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, race, family income, education level, marital status, parity, physical activity, sleep duration and total energy intake
Maternal age, physical activity level, family history of diabetes, pre-pregnancy BMI, education level, occupational status, history of fetal macrosomia and total energy intake
Maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, family history of diabetes, smoking, total energy intake, physical activity, parity, fast food intake, adherence to Mediterranean dietary patterns, alcohol intake, multiple pregnancies and cardiovascular disease/hypertension
Maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity, smoking, physical activity level, paired sociodemographic status, total energy intake and previous history of hypertension
Note: BMI, body mass index; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; LBW, low birth weight; LGA, large for gestational age; PE, preeclampsia; SGA, small for gestational age.
小于胎龄儿（small for gestational age，SGA）指出生体质量低于同胎龄儿平均体质量的第10百分位或2SD的婴儿。流行病学调查显示，我国SGA发病率为6.61%，国外SGA发病率为6.7%~12.9%［43］。SGA属于各种围产期疾病发生的高危群体，易出现生长发育和神经发育迟缓，同时多种远期代谢性疾病、心血管疾病的风险显著增加［43］。大于胎龄儿（large for gestational age，LGA）是指出生体质量大于同胎龄平均体质量的第90百分位数的新生儿［44］。研究表明，LGA会增加肩难产、新生儿低血糖以及延长住院时间的风险，同时还会增加成年时期患肥胖、2型糖尿病、心血管疾病、骨肿瘤等疾病的风险［45］。孕期不均衡的营养将影响胎儿的宫内发育，造成SGA或LGA。
MI Xiaoyang was responsible for the writing and revision of the paper, DING Ying and CHEN Yijing participated in the writing and proofreading of the first draft of the paper, and JIA Jie was responsible for writing guidance and paper review. All authors have read and agreed to the submission of the final manuscript.
利益冲突声明
所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。
COMPETING INTERESTS
All authors declare no relevant conflict of interests.
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... 妊娠期妇女中，研究关注各人口学统计量，如年龄、孕前身体质量指数（body mass index，BMI）、受教育水平、家庭收入、产次等，但尚缺乏有规模的专项研究.有研究发现，经产妇易以富含UPFs的“西方饮食模式”为主［14］.其他研究指出孕期UPFs摄入与产妇年龄、教育程度呈负相关，与孕前BMI和吸烟呈正相关［15］.然而，尚缺乏针对不同国家、地区妊娠期妇女孕期UPFs摄入变化趋势的研究. ...
... P=0.63
Maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, race, family income, education level, marital status, parity, physical activity, sleep duration and total energy intake
... 妊娠期妇女中，研究关注各人口学统计量，如年龄、孕前身体质量指数（body mass index，BMI）、受教育水平、家庭收入、产次等，但尚缺乏有规模的专项研究.有研究发现，经产妇易以富含UPFs的“西方饮食模式”为主［14］.其他研究指出孕期UPFs摄入与产妇年龄、教育程度呈负相关，与孕前BMI和吸烟呈正相关［15］.然而，尚缺乏针对不同国家、地区妊娠期妇女孕期UPFs摄入变化趋势的研究. ...
... (1.25, 3.31)
Maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, family history of diabetes, smoking, total energy intake, physical activity, parity, fast food intake, adherence to Mediterranean dietary patterns, alcohol intake, multiple pregnancies and cardiovascular disease/hypertension
Maternal age, race, pre-pregnancy BMI, educational level, marital status, parity, family income, smoking status in the first 6 months of pregnancy and energy intake
Maternal history of previous preterm delivery, maternal age, height, pre-pregnancy BMI, marital status, parity, smoking, education level, family income, and total energy intake
Maternal history of previous preterm delivery, maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, marital status, parity, smoking, education level and total energy intake
Maternal age, marital status, education level, per capita income, prenatal weight, final fetal weight, increase in gestational age and gestational age, type of delivery, number of pregnancies
Maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, education level, smoking, physical activity, family history of diabetes, parity, time spent watching TV, hypertension, nutritional therapy and total energy intake
Maternal age, physical activity level, family history of diabetes, pre-pregnancy BMI, education level, occupational status, history of fetal macrosomia and total energy intake
... 小于胎龄儿（small for gestational age，SGA）指出生体质量低于同胎龄儿平均体质量的第10百分位或2SD的婴儿.流行病学调查显示，我国SGA发病率为6.61%，国外SGA发病率为6.7%~12.9%［43］.SGA属于各种围产期疾病发生的高危群体，易出现生长发育和神经发育迟缓，同时多种远期代谢性疾病、心血管疾病的风险显著增加［43］.大于胎龄儿（large for gestational age，LGA）是指出生体质量大于同胎龄平均体质量的第90百分位数的新生儿［44］.研究表明，LGA会增加肩难产、新生儿低血糖以及延长住院时间的风险，同时还会增加成年时期患肥胖、2型糖尿病、心血管疾病、骨肿瘤等疾病的风险［45］.孕期不均衡的营养将影响胎儿的宫内发育，造成SGA或LGA. ...
... ［43］.大于胎龄儿（large for gestational age，LGA）是指出生体质量大于同胎龄平均体质量的第90百分位数的新生儿［44］.研究表明，LGA会增加肩难产、新生儿低血糖以及延长住院时间的风险，同时还会增加成年时期患肥胖、2型糖尿病、心血管疾病、骨肿瘤等疾病的风险［45］.孕期不均衡的营养将影响胎儿的宫内发育，造成SGA或LGA. ...
2
... 小于胎龄儿（small for gestational age，SGA）指出生体质量低于同胎龄儿平均体质量的第10百分位或2SD的婴儿.流行病学调查显示，我国SGA发病率为6.61%，国外SGA发病率为6.7%~12.9%［43］.SGA属于各种围产期疾病发生的高危群体，易出现生长发育和神经发育迟缓，同时多种远期代谢性疾病、心血管疾病的风险显著增加［43］.大于胎龄儿（large for gestational age，LGA）是指出生体质量大于同胎龄平均体质量的第90百分位数的新生儿［44］.研究表明，LGA会增加肩难产、新生儿低血糖以及延长住院时间的风险，同时还会增加成年时期患肥胖、2型糖尿病、心血管疾病、骨肿瘤等疾病的风险［45］.孕期不均衡的营养将影响胎儿的宫内发育，造成SGA或LGA. ...
... ［43］.大于胎龄儿（large for gestational age，LGA）是指出生体质量大于同胎龄平均体质量的第90百分位数的新生儿［44］.研究表明，LGA会增加肩难产、新生儿低血糖以及延长住院时间的风险，同时还会增加成年时期患肥胖、2型糖尿病、心血管疾病、骨肿瘤等疾病的风险［45］.孕期不均衡的营养将影响胎儿的宫内发育，造成SGA或LGA. ...
1
... 小于胎龄儿（small for gestational age，SGA）指出生体质量低于同胎龄儿平均体质量的第10百分位或2SD的婴儿.流行病学调查显示，我国SGA发病率为6.61%，国外SGA发病率为6.7%~12.9%［43］.SGA属于各种围产期疾病发生的高危群体，易出现生长发育和神经发育迟缓，同时多种远期代谢性疾病、心血管疾病的风险显著增加［43］.大于胎龄儿（large for gestational age，LGA）是指出生体质量大于同胎龄平均体质量的第90百分位数的新生儿［44］.研究表明，LGA会增加肩难产、新生儿低血糖以及延长住院时间的风险，同时还会增加成年时期患肥胖、2型糖尿病、心血管疾病、骨肿瘤等疾病的风险［45］.孕期不均衡的营养将影响胎儿的宫内发育，造成SGA或LGA. ...
1
... 小于胎龄儿（small for gestational age，SGA）指出生体质量低于同胎龄儿平均体质量的第10百分位或2SD的婴儿.流行病学调查显示，我国SGA发病率为6.61%，国外SGA发病率为6.7%~12.9%［43］.SGA属于各种围产期疾病发生的高危群体，易出现生长发育和神经发育迟缓，同时多种远期代谢性疾病、心血管疾病的风险显著增加［43］.大于胎龄儿（large for gestational age，LGA）是指出生体质量大于同胎龄平均体质量的第90百分位数的新生儿［44］.研究表明，LGA会增加肩难产、新生儿低血糖以及延长住院时间的风险，同时还会增加成年时期患肥胖、2型糖尿病、心血管疾病、骨肿瘤等疾病的风险［45］.孕期不均衡的营养将影响胎儿的宫内发育，造成SGA或LGA. ...
1
... 小于胎龄儿（small for gestational age，SGA）指出生体质量低于同胎龄儿平均体质量的第10百分位或2SD的婴儿.流行病学调查显示，我国SGA发病率为6.61%，国外SGA发病率为6.7%~12.9%［43］.SGA属于各种围产期疾病发生的高危群体，易出现生长发育和神经发育迟缓，同时多种远期代谢性疾病、心血管疾病的风险显著增加［43］.大于胎龄儿（large for gestational age，LGA）是指出生体质量大于同胎龄平均体质量的第90百分位数的新生儿［44］.研究表明，LGA会增加肩难产、新生儿低血糖以及延长住院时间的风险，同时还会增加成年时期患肥胖、2型糖尿病、心血管疾病、骨肿瘤等疾病的风险［45］.孕期不均衡的营养将影响胎儿的宫内发育，造成SGA或LGA. ...
