嵌合抗原受体T细胞(chimeric antigen receptor T cell,CAR-T细胞)治疗通过基因工程改造T细胞,使其能够特异性识别并高效清除靶细胞,在B细胞淋巴瘤、白血病等血液系统恶性肿瘤的治疗中取得了突破性成就。基于该疗法独特的治疗原理,研究人员积极探索以拓展其在其他疾病领域的应用,其中,CAR-T细胞治疗在自身免疫性疾病(autoimmune disease,AID)的治疗中展现出巨大潜力并备受关注。目前,AID的传统治疗方案(如糖皮质激素、免疫抑制剂和生物制剂等)常面临疗效有限、缓解期短及长期毒性等诸多问题。相比之下,CAR-T细胞治疗凭借其精准靶向和可诱导持续无药物缓解的优势,成为AID极具前景的治疗策略。该文回顾CAR-T细胞治疗在多种AID中的临床前和临床研究进展,阐述该疗法清除致病性B细胞及重建免疫平衡的可行性。同时重点探讨CAR-T细胞治疗面临的主要挑战,包括不良反应、持久性不足及部分患者存在抵抗性等问题,并进一步从优化嵌合抗原受体(chimeric antigen receptor,CAR)结构、探索特异性靶点及开发通用型CAR-T细胞等方面提出应对策略,阐释其未来的发展方向,旨在为CAR-T细胞治疗在AID中的进一步开发和优化提供理论依据。
关键词:嵌合抗原受体T细胞
;
细胞免疫疗法
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自身免疫性疾病
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy, which involves genetically engineering T cells to specifically recognize and efficiently eliminate target cells, has achieved groundbreaking success in treating hematological malignancies such as B-cell lymphoma and leukemia. Driven by its unique mechanism of action, research into extending its applications to other disease areas is actively underway. In particular, CAR-T therapy has shown significant potential in treating autoimmune diseases (AIDs), attracting considerable attention. Current conventional treatments for AIDs, including glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants, and biologics, are often associated with limitations such as limited efficacy, short duration of remission, and long-term toxicity. In contrast, CAR-T therapy has emerged as a highly promising treatment strategy for AIDs, owing to its advantages of precise targeting and the capacity to induce sustained, drug-free remission. This article reviews recent preclinical and clinical advances in CAR-T therapy for various AIDs, demonstrating its feasibility in eradicating pathogenic B cells and reestablishing immune tolerance. It also examines the major challenges confronting this treatment approach, including adverse effects, limited persistence, and treatment resistance in some patients. Furthermore, strategies to address these challenges are discussed, focusing on the optimization of the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) structure, the exploration of novel specific targets, and the development of universal CAR-T products. Finally, future research directions are outlined, with the aim of providing a rational foundation for the further development and refinement of CAR-T therapy for AIDs.
WANG Xueyi, LI Benshang. Review of CAR-T cell therapy for autoimmune diseases. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Medical Science)[J], 2025, 45(11): 1432-1442 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2025.11.003
当前CAR的结构经历了5代变化(图1)。一代CAR-T细胞胞内结构域包含CD3ζ链,但由于缺少共刺激结构域,其扩增能力和持久性欠佳、抗癌活性不足。二代CAR-T细胞在一代基础上增加了1个共刺激结构域(CD28、4-1BB或OXO40等),增殖能力、持久性和细胞毒性均显著提高。三代CAR-T细胞包含2种共刺激结构域以进一步增强其信号激活、靶向毒性并延长增殖,但由于其活性增加且不可控,可能导致细胞因子风暴、多器官衰竭甚至死亡等严重不良反应,临床上与二代CAR-T细胞相比不具优势[8-10]。四代CAR-T细胞添加白细胞介素-2(interleukin-2,IL-12)等免疫调节因子以激活先天性免疫细胞并增强T细胞活化,一定程度上克服肿瘤微环境中的免疫抑制因素,更有力地攻击实体肿瘤。五代CAR-T细胞涉及对传统CAR结构进行改造,如添加IL-2受体β链触发细胞因子Janus激酶-信号转导与转录激活因子3/5(Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3/5,JAK-STAT3/5)信号转导以增强CAR-T细胞活性[11],以及使用CRISPR-Cas9技术敲除T细胞中的人类白细胞抗原Ⅰ类分子(human leukocyte antigen class Ⅰ,HLA-Ⅰ)和内源性T细胞受体制备通用型CAR-T细胞,降低CAR-T细胞被排斥和GVHD的风险[12]。
基于CAR-T细胞的基本原理,目前已经开发出嵌合自身抗体受体T细胞(chimeric autoantibody receptor T cell,CAAR-T细胞)和嵌合抗原受体调节性T细胞(chimeric antigen receptor regulatory T cell,CAR-Treg细胞)治疗,这两者在AID的治疗中各具优势。
调节性T细胞(regulatory T cell,Treg细胞)是具有免疫抑制功能的CD4+ T细胞亚群,对维持免疫耐受至关重要。与传统CAR-T细胞相比,CAR-Treg细胞不仅能诱导靶细胞死亡,还可通过多种机制抑制效应T细胞功能。目前该疗法已经在T1DM[30]、溃疡性结肠炎[34]和多发性硬化[37]等多种AID的临床前研究中取得显著成效(表1)。同时,MACDONALD等[41]发现HLA-A2 CAR-Tregs可以防止免疫缺陷小鼠发生GVHD(表1)。CAR-Treg细胞凭借其抗原特异性强、免疫抑制功能独特及潜在不良反应小等优势,尽管仍需克服体外扩增困难和体内持久性不足等挑战,未来仍有望通过联合疗法维持长期疗效,成为AID治疗领域的重要候选策略。
WANG Xueyi was responsible for writing and revising the paper. LI Benshang was responsible for reviewing and revising the paper. Both authors have read the final version of paper and consented to its submission.
利益冲突声明
所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。
COMPETING INTERESTS
Both authors declare no relevant conflict of interests.
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... 嵌合抗原受体T细胞(chimeric antigen receptor T cell,CAR-T细胞)治疗通过改造T细胞使其表达嵌合抗原受体(chimeric antigen receptor,CAR),以主要组织相容性复合体非依赖的方式发挥靶向毒性.目前该疗法主要应用于复发难治性白血病、淋巴瘤和多发性骨髓瘤等疾病[4-6],展现出持续应答及具有治愈性的优势,对实体瘤亦具初步疗效[7].近年来,CAR-T细胞治疗已被引入多种AID中,在临床前和临床试验中均取得显著成效.与现有疗法相比,CAR-T细胞诱导循环自身反应性B细胞的快速耗竭及在体内持续扩增的能力使其在治疗AID中更有前景. ...
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1
... 嵌合抗原受体T细胞(chimeric antigen receptor T cell,CAR-T细胞)治疗通过改造T细胞使其表达嵌合抗原受体(chimeric antigen receptor,CAR),以主要组织相容性复合体非依赖的方式发挥靶向毒性.目前该疗法主要应用于复发难治性白血病、淋巴瘤和多发性骨髓瘤等疾病[4-6],展现出持续应答及具有治愈性的优势,对实体瘤亦具初步疗效[7].近年来,CAR-T细胞治疗已被引入多种AID中,在临床前和临床试验中均取得显著成效.与现有疗法相比,CAR-T细胞诱导循环自身反应性B细胞的快速耗竭及在体内持续扩增的能力使其在治疗AID中更有前景. ...
1
... 嵌合抗原受体T细胞(chimeric antigen receptor T cell,CAR-T细胞)治疗通过改造T细胞使其表达嵌合抗原受体(chimeric antigen receptor,CAR),以主要组织相容性复合体非依赖的方式发挥靶向毒性.目前该疗法主要应用于复发难治性白血病、淋巴瘤和多发性骨髓瘤等疾病[4-6],展现出持续应答及具有治愈性的优势,对实体瘤亦具初步疗效[7].近年来,CAR-T细胞治疗已被引入多种AID中,在临床前和临床试验中均取得显著成效.与现有疗法相比,CAR-T细胞诱导循环自身反应性B细胞的快速耗竭及在体内持续扩增的能力使其在治疗AID中更有前景. ...
1
... 当前CAR的结构经历了5代变化(图1).一代CAR-T细胞胞内结构域包含CD3ζ链,但由于缺少共刺激结构域,其扩增能力和持久性欠佳、抗癌活性不足.二代CAR-T细胞在一代基础上增加了1个共刺激结构域(CD28、4-1BB或OXO40等),增殖能力、持久性和细胞毒性均显著提高.三代CAR-T细胞包含2种共刺激结构域以进一步增强其信号激活、靶向毒性并延长增殖,但由于其活性增加且不可控,可能导致细胞因子风暴、多器官衰竭甚至死亡等严重不良反应,临床上与二代CAR-T细胞相比不具优势[8-10].四代CAR-T细胞添加白细胞介素-2(interleukin-2,IL-12)等免疫调节因子以激活先天性免疫细胞并增强T细胞活化,一定程度上克服肿瘤微环境中的免疫抑制因素,更有力地攻击实体肿瘤.五代CAR-T细胞涉及对传统CAR结构进行改造,如添加IL-2受体β链触发细胞因子Janus激酶-信号转导与转录激活因子3/5(Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3/5,JAK-STAT3/5)信号转导以增强CAR-T细胞活性[11],以及使用CRISPR-Cas9技术敲除T细胞中的人类白细胞抗原Ⅰ类分子(human leukocyte antigen class Ⅰ,HLA-Ⅰ)和内源性T细胞受体制备通用型CAR-T细胞,降低CAR-T细胞被排斥和GVHD的风险[12]. ...
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1
... 当前CAR的结构经历了5代变化(图1).一代CAR-T细胞胞内结构域包含CD3ζ链,但由于缺少共刺激结构域,其扩增能力和持久性欠佳、抗癌活性不足.二代CAR-T细胞在一代基础上增加了1个共刺激结构域(CD28、4-1BB或OXO40等),增殖能力、持久性和细胞毒性均显著提高.三代CAR-T细胞包含2种共刺激结构域以进一步增强其信号激活、靶向毒性并延长增殖,但由于其活性增加且不可控,可能导致细胞因子风暴、多器官衰竭甚至死亡等严重不良反应,临床上与二代CAR-T细胞相比不具优势[8-10].四代CAR-T细胞添加白细胞介素-2(interleukin-2,IL-12)等免疫调节因子以激活先天性免疫细胞并增强T细胞活化,一定程度上克服肿瘤微环境中的免疫抑制因素,更有力地攻击实体肿瘤.五代CAR-T细胞涉及对传统CAR结构进行改造,如添加IL-2受体β链触发细胞因子Janus激酶-信号转导与转录激活因子3/5(Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3/5,JAK-STAT3/5)信号转导以增强CAR-T细胞活性[11],以及使用CRISPR-Cas9技术敲除T细胞中的人类白细胞抗原Ⅰ类分子(human leukocyte antigen class Ⅰ,HLA-Ⅰ)和内源性T细胞受体制备通用型CAR-T细胞,降低CAR-T细胞被排斥和GVHD的风险[12]. ...
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... 当前CAR的结构经历了5代变化(图1).一代CAR-T细胞胞内结构域包含CD3ζ链,但由于缺少共刺激结构域,其扩增能力和持久性欠佳、抗癌活性不足.二代CAR-T细胞在一代基础上增加了1个共刺激结构域(CD28、4-1BB或OXO40等),增殖能力、持久性和细胞毒性均显著提高.三代CAR-T细胞包含2种共刺激结构域以进一步增强其信号激活、靶向毒性并延长增殖,但由于其活性增加且不可控,可能导致细胞因子风暴、多器官衰竭甚至死亡等严重不良反应,临床上与二代CAR-T细胞相比不具优势[8-10].四代CAR-T细胞添加白细胞介素-2(interleukin-2,IL-12)等免疫调节因子以激活先天性免疫细胞并增强T细胞活化,一定程度上克服肿瘤微环境中的免疫抑制因素,更有力地攻击实体肿瘤.五代CAR-T细胞涉及对传统CAR结构进行改造,如添加IL-2受体β链触发细胞因子Janus激酶-信号转导与转录激活因子3/5(Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3/5,JAK-STAT3/5)信号转导以增强CAR-T细胞活性[11],以及使用CRISPR-Cas9技术敲除T细胞中的人类白细胞抗原Ⅰ类分子(human leukocyte antigen class Ⅰ,HLA-Ⅰ)和内源性T细胞受体制备通用型CAR-T细胞,降低CAR-T细胞被排斥和GVHD的风险[12]. ...
1
... 当前CAR的结构经历了5代变化(图1).一代CAR-T细胞胞内结构域包含CD3ζ链,但由于缺少共刺激结构域,其扩增能力和持久性欠佳、抗癌活性不足.二代CAR-T细胞在一代基础上增加了1个共刺激结构域(CD28、4-1BB或OXO40等),增殖能力、持久性和细胞毒性均显著提高.三代CAR-T细胞包含2种共刺激结构域以进一步增强其信号激活、靶向毒性并延长增殖,但由于其活性增加且不可控,可能导致细胞因子风暴、多器官衰竭甚至死亡等严重不良反应,临床上与二代CAR-T细胞相比不具优势[8-10].四代CAR-T细胞添加白细胞介素-2(interleukin-2,IL-12)等免疫调节因子以激活先天性免疫细胞并增强T细胞活化,一定程度上克服肿瘤微环境中的免疫抑制因素,更有力地攻击实体肿瘤.五代CAR-T细胞涉及对传统CAR结构进行改造,如添加IL-2受体β链触发细胞因子Janus激酶-信号转导与转录激活因子3/5(Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3/5,JAK-STAT3/5)信号转导以增强CAR-T细胞活性[11],以及使用CRISPR-Cas9技术敲除T细胞中的人类白细胞抗原Ⅰ类分子(human leukocyte antigen class Ⅰ,HLA-Ⅰ)和内源性T细胞受体制备通用型CAR-T细胞,降低CAR-T细胞被排斥和GVHD的风险[12]. ...