Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Medical Science) ›› 2023, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (1): 44-51.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2023.01.006
• Clinical research • Previous Articles Next Articles
DENG Yuntian1(
), XIONG Wenkui1, ZHU Rui1, LIU Enmei2,3, LI Xuemei4(), ZHONG Zhaohui5()
Received:2022-08-18
Accepted:2022-10-18
Online:2023-01-28
Published:2023-01-28
Contact:
LI Xuemei,ZHONG Zhaohui
E-mail:dyt0307@hotmail.com;981342321@qq.com;100144@cqmu.edu.cn
Supported by:CLC Number:
DENG Yuntian, XIONG Wenkui, ZHU Rui, LIU Enmei, LI Xuemei, ZHONG Zhaohui. A case-control study of the relationship between early-life environmental exposure and childhood asthma[J]. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Medical Science), 2023, 43(1): 44-51.
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URL: https://xuebao.shsmu.edu.cn/EN/10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2023.01.006
| Item | Asthma （n=220） | Control （n=636） | χ2/t value | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 7.4±2.1 | 7.6±2.1 | 1.299 | 0.194 |
| Gender/n （%） | 0.216 | 0.642 | ||
| Male | 114 （51.8） | 318 （50.0） | ||
| Female | 106 （48.2） | 318 （50.0） | ||
| Gestational age/n （%） | 0.520 | 0.771 | ||
| <37 weeks | 8 （3.6） | 23 （3.6） | ||
| ≥37 weeks and ≤42 weeks | 210 （95.5） | 603 （94.8） | ||
| >42 weeks | 2 （0.9） | 10 （1.6） | ||
| Birth weight/n （%） | 5.896 | 0.117 | ||
| <1 500 g | 2 （0.9） | 7 （1.1） | ||
| ≥1 500 g and <2 500 g | 24 （10.9） | 53 （8.3） | ||
| ≥2 500 g and <4 000 g | 185 （84.1） | 521 （81.9） | ||
| ≥4 000 g | 9 （4.1） | 55 （8.6） | ||
| Delivery mode/n （%） | 0.100 | 0.951 | ||
| Vaginal delivery | 91 （41.4） | 265 （41.7） | ||
| Assisted delivery | 3 （1.4） | 7 （1.1） | ||
| Caesarean delivery | 126 （57.3） | 364 （57.2） | ||
| Family size①/n （%） | 4.339 | 0.114 | ||
| 2‒3 people | 105 （47.7） | 254 （39.9） | ||
| 4‒5 people | 97 （44.1） | 314 （49.4） | ||
| ≥6 people | 18 （8.2） | 68 （10.7） | ||
| Maternal education level/n （%） | 4.580 | 0.205 | ||
| ≤9 years | 14 （6.4） | 33 （5.2） | ||
| 10‒12 years | 28 （12.7） | 66 （10.4） | ||
| 13‒16 years | 165 （75.0） | 472 （74.2） | ||
| ≥17 years | 13 （5.9） | 65 （10.2） | ||
| Household annual income/n （%） | 8.218 | 0.084 | ||
| <100 000 yuan | 36 （16.4） | 98 （15.4） | ||
| ≥100 000 yuan and <150 000 yuan | 47 （21.4） | 116 （18.2） | ||
| ≥150 000 yuan and <200 000 yuan | 50 （22.7） | 130 （20.4） | ||
| ≥200 000 yuan and <400 000 yuan | 62 （28.2） | 166 （26.1） | ||
| ≥400 000 yuan | 25 （11.4） | 126 （19.8） | ||
| Living space per person/n （%） | 3.794 | 0.285 | ||
| <10 m2 | 6 （2.7） | 10 （1.6） | ||
| ≥10 m2 and <20 m2 | 38 （17.3） | 84 （13.2） | ||
| ≥20 m2 and <40 m2 | 69 （31.4） | 223 （35.1） | ||
| ≥40 m2 | 107 （48.6） | 319 （50.2） |
Tab 1 Comparison of general data between the asthma group and the control group
| Item | Asthma （n=220） | Control （n=636） | χ2/t value | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 7.4±2.1 | 7.6±2.1 | 1.299 | 0.194 |
| Gender/n （%） | 0.216 | 0.642 | ||
| Male | 114 （51.8） | 318 （50.0） | ||
| Female | 106 （48.2） | 318 （50.0） | ||
| Gestational age/n （%） | 0.520 | 0.771 | ||
| <37 weeks | 8 （3.6） | 23 （3.6） | ||
| ≥37 weeks and ≤42 weeks | 210 （95.5） | 603 （94.8） | ||
| >42 weeks | 2 （0.9） | 10 （1.6） | ||
| Birth weight/n （%） | 5.896 | 0.117 | ||
| <1 500 g | 2 （0.9） | 7 （1.1） | ||
| ≥1 500 g and <2 500 g | 24 （10.9） | 53 （8.3） | ||
| ≥2 500 g and <4 000 g | 185 （84.1） | 521 （81.9） | ||
| ≥4 000 g | 9 （4.1） | 55 （8.6） | ||
| Delivery mode/n （%） | 0.100 | 0.951 | ||
| Vaginal delivery | 91 （41.4） | 265 （41.7） | ||
| Assisted delivery | 3 （1.4） | 7 （1.1） | ||
| Caesarean delivery | 126 （57.3） | 364 （57.2） | ||
| Family size①/n （%） | 4.339 | 0.114 | ||
| 2‒3 people | 105 （47.7） | 254 （39.9） | ||
| 4‒5 people | 97 （44.1） | 314 （49.4） | ||
| ≥6 people | 18 （8.2） | 68 （10.7） | ||
| Maternal education level/n （%） | 4.580 | 0.205 | ||
| ≤9 years | 14 （6.4） | 33 （5.2） | ||
| 10‒12 years | 28 （12.7） | 66 （10.4） | ||
| 13‒16 years | 165 （75.0） | 472 （74.2） | ||
| ≥17 years | 13 （5.9） | 65 （10.2） | ||
| Household annual income/n （%） | 8.218 | 0.084 | ||
| <100 000 yuan | 36 （16.4） | 98 （15.4） | ||
| ≥100 000 yuan and <150 000 yuan | 47 （21.4） | 116 （18.2） | ||
| ≥150 000 yuan and <200 000 yuan | 50 （22.7） | 130 （20.4） | ||
| ≥200 000 yuan and <400 000 yuan | 62 （28.2） | 166 （26.1） | ||
| ≥400 000 yuan | 25 （11.4） | 126 （19.8） | ||
| Living space per person/n （%） | 3.794 | 0.285 | ||
| <10 m2 | 6 （2.7） | 10 （1.6） | ||
| ≥10 m2 and <20 m2 | 38 （17.3） | 84 （13.2） | ||
| ≥20 m2 and <40 m2 | 69 （31.4） | 223 （35.1） | ||
| ≥40 m2 | 107 （48.6） | 319 （50.2） |
| Exposure item | Asthma （n=220） | Control （n=636） | OR （95%CI） | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Family second-hand smoke exposure/n （%） | 122 （55.5） | 251 （39.5） | 1.910 （1.401‒2.603） | 0.000 |
| Second-hand smoke exposure level/n （%） | ||||
| 0 cig per day | 98 （44.5） | 385 （60.5） | Reference | ‒ |
| ≥1 cig per day and <5 cig per day | 52 （23.6） | 120 （18.9） | 1.702 （1.148‒2.524） | 0.008 |
| ≥5 cig per day and <10 cig per day | 30 （13.6） | 61 （9.6） | 1.932 （1.184‒3.154） | 0.008 |
| ≥10 cig per day and <20 cig per day | 31 （14.1） | 62 （9.7） | 1.964 （1.210‒3.190） | 0.006 |
| ≥20 cig per day | 9 （4.1） | 8 （1.3） | 4.420 （1.662‒11.751） | 0.003 |
| Bedroom air conditioner use/n （%） | 211 （95.9） | 575 （90.4） | 2.487 （1.214‒5.097） | 0.013 |
| Dampness and mold points in bedroom/n （%） | 37 （16.8） | 47 （7.0） | 2.689 （1.695‒4.264） | 0.000 |
| Seen cockroaches in bedroom/n （%） | 84 （38.2） | 145 （21.6） | 2.245 （1.617‒3.117） | 0.000 |
| Room cleaning frequency/n （%） | ||||
| 6‒7 times per week | 95 （43.2） | 359 （53.4） | Reference | ‒ |
| 3‒5 times per week | 114 （51.8） | 294 （43.8） | 1.469 （1.071‒2.015） | 0.017 |
| <3 times per week | 11 （5.0） | 19 （2.8） | 2.271 （1.064‒4.846） | 0.034 |
| Air purifier using frequency/n （%） | ||||
| Never | 164 （74.5） | 435 （64.7） | Reference | ‒ |
| Only haze days | 44 （20.0） | 171 （25.5） | 0.691 （0.473‒1.010） | 0.056 |
| Every day | 12 （5.5） | 66 （9.8） | 0.471 （0.248‒0.896） | 0.022 |
| Home interior decoration/n （%） | 32 （14.5） | 64 （9.5） | 1.617 （1.026‒2.548） | 0.038 |
Tab 2 Univariate Logistic regression of early-life in-door environment exposure for childhood asthma in Chongqing
| Exposure item | Asthma （n=220） | Control （n=636） | OR （95%CI） | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Family second-hand smoke exposure/n （%） | 122 （55.5） | 251 （39.5） | 1.910 （1.401‒2.603） | 0.000 |
| Second-hand smoke exposure level/n （%） | ||||
| 0 cig per day | 98 （44.5） | 385 （60.5） | Reference | ‒ |
| ≥1 cig per day and <5 cig per day | 52 （23.6） | 120 （18.9） | 1.702 （1.148‒2.524） | 0.008 |
| ≥5 cig per day and <10 cig per day | 30 （13.6） | 61 （9.6） | 1.932 （1.184‒3.154） | 0.008 |
| ≥10 cig per day and <20 cig per day | 31 （14.1） | 62 （9.7） | 1.964 （1.210‒3.190） | 0.006 |
| ≥20 cig per day | 9 （4.1） | 8 （1.3） | 4.420 （1.662‒11.751） | 0.003 |
| Bedroom air conditioner use/n （%） | 211 （95.9） | 575 （90.4） | 2.487 （1.214‒5.097） | 0.013 |
| Dampness and mold points in bedroom/n （%） | 37 （16.8） | 47 （7.0） | 2.689 （1.695‒4.264） | 0.000 |
| Seen cockroaches in bedroom/n （%） | 84 （38.2） | 145 （21.6） | 2.245 （1.617‒3.117） | 0.000 |
| Room cleaning frequency/n （%） | ||||
| 6‒7 times per week | 95 （43.2） | 359 （53.4） | Reference | ‒ |
| 3‒5 times per week | 114 （51.8） | 294 （43.8） | 1.469 （1.071‒2.015） | 0.017 |
| <3 times per week | 11 （5.0） | 19 （2.8） | 2.271 （1.064‒4.846） | 0.034 |
| Air purifier using frequency/n （%） | ||||
| Never | 164 （74.5） | 435 （64.7） | Reference | ‒ |
| Only haze days | 44 （20.0） | 171 （25.5） | 0.691 （0.473‒1.010） | 0.056 |
| Every day | 12 （5.5） | 66 （9.8） | 0.471 （0.248‒0.896） | 0.022 |
| Home interior decoration/n （%） | 32 （14.5） | 64 （9.5） | 1.617 （1.026‒2.548） | 0.038 |
| Exposure item | Asthma （n=220） | Control （n=636） | OR （95%CI） | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 in utero/（μg·m-3） | 61.02±10.86 | 60.08±10.63 | 1.008 （0.994‒1.023） | 0.262 |
| PM2.5 at age 1/（μg·m-3） | 57.71±8.96 | 56.16±9.81 | 1.017 （1.001‒1.034） | 0.040 |
| PM2.5 at age 2/（μg·m-3） | 52.78±10.13 | 51.51±11.27 | 1.010 （0.996‒1.025） | 0.144 |
| PM2.5 at age 3/（μg·m-3） | 48.36±9.67 | 46.94±10.45 | 1.013 （0.998‒1.029） | 0.079 |
Tab 3 Univariate Logistic regression analysis of PM2.5 exposure in early-life of children in Chongqing
| Exposure item | Asthma （n=220） | Control （n=636） | OR （95%CI） | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 in utero/（μg·m-3） | 61.02±10.86 | 60.08±10.63 | 1.008 （0.994‒1.023） | 0.262 |
| PM2.5 at age 1/（μg·m-3） | 57.71±8.96 | 56.16±9.81 | 1.017 （1.001‒1.034） | 0.040 |
| PM2.5 at age 2/（μg·m-3） | 52.78±10.13 | 51.51±11.27 | 1.010 （0.996‒1.025） | 0.144 |
| PM2.5 at age 3/（μg·m-3） | 48.36±9.67 | 46.94±10.45 | 1.013 （0.998‒1.029） | 0.079 |
| Item | OR | 95%CI | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dampness and mold points in bedroom | 2.155 | 1.304‒3.559 | 0.003 |
| Seen cockroaches in bedroom | 1.830 | 1.287‒2.601 | 0.001 |
| Bedroom air conditioner use | 2.328 | 1.098‒4.937 | 0.028 |
| Air purifier using frequency | |||
| Never | Reference | ‒ | ‒ |
| Only haze days | 0.673 | 0.451‒1.005 | 0.053 |
| Every day | 0.416 | 0.213‒0.812 | 0.010 |
| Family second-hand smoke exposure | 1.762 | 1.272‒2.440 | 0.001 |
| PM2.5 exposure at age 1 | 1.063 | 1.034‒1.093 | 0.000 |
| Home interior decoration | 2.082 | 0.946‒4.581 | 0.068 |
Tab 4 Multivariate Logistic regression of early-life environment exposure for childhood asthma
| Item | OR | 95%CI | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dampness and mold points in bedroom | 2.155 | 1.304‒3.559 | 0.003 |
| Seen cockroaches in bedroom | 1.830 | 1.287‒2.601 | 0.001 |
| Bedroom air conditioner use | 2.328 | 1.098‒4.937 | 0.028 |
| Air purifier using frequency | |||
| Never | Reference | ‒ | ‒ |
| Only haze days | 0.673 | 0.451‒1.005 | 0.053 |
| Every day | 0.416 | 0.213‒0.812 | 0.010 |
| Family second-hand smoke exposure | 1.762 | 1.272‒2.440 | 0.001 |
| PM2.5 exposure at age 1 | 1.063 | 1.034‒1.093 | 0.000 |
| Home interior decoration | 2.082 | 0.946‒4.581 | 0.068 |
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