Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Medical Science) ›› 2024, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (5): 591-598.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2024.05.007
• Clinical research • Previous Articles
WANG Wenji1(), ZHONG Kaiyi2, LI Jiaolun1, ZHOU Yueling1, HUANG Tao1, DUAN Lizhu1, SHEN Yuqi1, LI Xuezhu1, DING Feng1, XIE Danshu1()
Received:
2023-10-16
Accepted:
2024-02-23
Online:
2024-05-28
Published:
2024-05-28
Contact:
XIE Danshu
E-mail:codein2004@126.com;melody_hp@163.com
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CLC Number:
WANG Wenji, ZHONG Kaiyi, LI Jiaolun, ZHOU Yueling, HUANG Tao, DUAN Lizhu, SHEN Yuqi, LI Xuezhu, DING Feng, XIE Danshu. Association between urinary excretion of protein-bound uremic toxins and upper urinary tract calculus[J]. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Medical Science), 2024, 44(5): 591-598.
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URL: https://xuebao.shsmu.edu.cn/EN/10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2024.05.007
Characteristic | All (n=117) | Calculi group (n=54) | Non-calculi group (n=63) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male/n(%) | 66 (56.4) | 35 (64.8) | 31 (49.2) | 0.090 |
Age/year | 50.21±13.63 | 51.72±10.33 | 48.90±15.89 | 0.267 |
Hypertension/n(%) | 34 (29.1) | 18 (33.3) | 16 (25.4) | 0.346 |
Diabetes/n(%) | 8 (6.8) | 5 (9.3) | 3 (4.8) | 0.337 |
Hyperuricemia/gout/n(%) | 9 (7.7) | 6 (11.1) | 3 (4.8) | 0.254 |
Family history of upper tract urinary calculi/n(%) | 11 (9.4) | 5 (9.3) | 6 (9.5) | 0.781 |
Daily water intake/L | 0.70±0.45 | 0.63±0.43 | 0.73±0.47 | 0.382 |
Meat to vegetable ratio/(g·g-1) | 0.52±0.18 | 0.52±0.11 | 0.53±0.21 | 0.697 |
Tab 1 Comparison of characteristics on baseline between the populations with and without upper tract urinary calculi
Characteristic | All (n=117) | Calculi group (n=54) | Non-calculi group (n=63) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male/n(%) | 66 (56.4) | 35 (64.8) | 31 (49.2) | 0.090 |
Age/year | 50.21±13.63 | 51.72±10.33 | 48.90±15.89 | 0.267 |
Hypertension/n(%) | 34 (29.1) | 18 (33.3) | 16 (25.4) | 0.346 |
Diabetes/n(%) | 8 (6.8) | 5 (9.3) | 3 (4.8) | 0.337 |
Hyperuricemia/gout/n(%) | 9 (7.7) | 6 (11.1) | 3 (4.8) | 0.254 |
Family history of upper tract urinary calculi/n(%) | 11 (9.4) | 5 (9.3) | 6 (9.5) | 0.781 |
Daily water intake/L | 0.70±0.45 | 0.63±0.43 | 0.73±0.47 | 0.382 |
Meat to vegetable ratio/(g·g-1) | 0.52±0.18 | 0.52±0.11 | 0.53±0.21 | 0.697 |
Serum parameter | All (n=117) | Calculi group (n=54) | Non-calculi group (n=63) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Creatinine/(μmol·L-1) | 68.77±15.21 | 70.15±13.39 | 67.59±16.63 | 0.366 |
eGFR/[mL·(min·1.73 m2)-1] | 95.67±17.67 | 94.11±18.40 | 97.25±16.94 | 0.361 |
Uric acid/(μmol·L-1) | 351.27±96.75 | 366.37±113.93 | 338.33±77.79 | 0.130 |
Glucose/(mmol·L-1) | 5.52±2.32 | 5.29±1.13 | 5.71±3.18 | 0.318 |
Albumin/(g·L-1) | 43.22±3.61 | 43.29±4.12 | 43.15±3.03 | 0.838 |
Potassium/(mmol·L-1) | 4.46±0.68 | 4.36±0.75 | 4.56±0.60 | 0.106 |
Sodium/(mmol·L-1) | 141.40±1.88 | 141.69±1.83 | 141.16±1.91 | 0.133 |
Chloride/(mmol·L-1) | 103.49±2.49 | 103.89±2.83 | 103.14±2.13 | 0.107 |
Calcium/(mmol·L-1) | 2.35±0.09 | 2.33±0.09 | 2.36±0.09 | 0.083 |
Phosphorus/(mmol·L-1) | 1.26±0.58 | 1.33±0.85 | 1.20±0.21 | 0.290 |
Magnesium/(mmol·L-1) | 0.90±0.06 | 0.90±0.06 | 0.90±0.07 | 0.803 |
IS/(μmol·L-1) | 1.40 (0.92, 2.25) | 1.40 (1.09, 2.70) | 1.40 (0.78, 2.09) | 0.306 |
IAA/(μmol·L-1) | 2.50 (1.91, 3.62) | 2.35 (1.81, 3.30) | 2.62 (1.94, 3.66) | 0.567 |
PCS/(μmol·L-1) | 5.15 (2.06, 12.06) | 5.10 (2.15, 10.05) | 5.66 (1.95, 12.13) | 0.971 |
Tab 2 Comparison of serum parameters between the populations with and without upper tract urinary calculi
Serum parameter | All (n=117) | Calculi group (n=54) | Non-calculi group (n=63) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Creatinine/(μmol·L-1) | 68.77±15.21 | 70.15±13.39 | 67.59±16.63 | 0.366 |
eGFR/[mL·(min·1.73 m2)-1] | 95.67±17.67 | 94.11±18.40 | 97.25±16.94 | 0.361 |
Uric acid/(μmol·L-1) | 351.27±96.75 | 366.37±113.93 | 338.33±77.79 | 0.130 |
Glucose/(mmol·L-1) | 5.52±2.32 | 5.29±1.13 | 5.71±3.18 | 0.318 |
Albumin/(g·L-1) | 43.22±3.61 | 43.29±4.12 | 43.15±3.03 | 0.838 |
Potassium/(mmol·L-1) | 4.46±0.68 | 4.36±0.75 | 4.56±0.60 | 0.106 |
Sodium/(mmol·L-1) | 141.40±1.88 | 141.69±1.83 | 141.16±1.91 | 0.133 |
Chloride/(mmol·L-1) | 103.49±2.49 | 103.89±2.83 | 103.14±2.13 | 0.107 |
Calcium/(mmol·L-1) | 2.35±0.09 | 2.33±0.09 | 2.36±0.09 | 0.083 |
Phosphorus/(mmol·L-1) | 1.26±0.58 | 1.33±0.85 | 1.20±0.21 | 0.290 |
Magnesium/(mmol·L-1) | 0.90±0.06 | 0.90±0.06 | 0.90±0.07 | 0.803 |
IS/(μmol·L-1) | 1.40 (0.92, 2.25) | 1.40 (1.09, 2.70) | 1.40 (0.78, 2.09) | 0.306 |
IAA/(μmol·L-1) | 2.50 (1.91, 3.62) | 2.35 (1.81, 3.30) | 2.62 (1.94, 3.66) | 0.567 |
PCS/(μmol·L-1) | 5.15 (2.06, 12.06) | 5.10 (2.15, 10.05) | 5.66 (1.95, 12.13) | 0.971 |
24-hour urinary parameter | All (n=117) | Calculi group (n=54) | Non-calculi group (n=63) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Urine volume/mL | 1 400.7±600.1 | 1 495.3±736.4 | 1 321.3±447.7 | 0.137 |
pH | 6.16 (5.77, 6.54) | 6.35 (6.04, 6.66) | 6.01 (5.61, 6.40) | 0.010 |
Potassium/mmol | 31.90±19.10 | 34.81±23.94 | 29.40±13.37 | 0.127 |
Sodium/mmol | 107.44±53.00 | 116.03±51.99 | 100.08±53.15 | 0.104 |
Chloride/mmol | 115.08±57.43 | 129.21±62.71 | 102.97±49.88 | 0.013 |
Calcium/mmol | 3.49±1.81 | 3.89±1.81 | 3.15±1.74 | 0.027 |
Phosphorus/mmol | 17.43 (12.87, 21.98) | 17.41 (12.80, 19.17) | 17.51 (11.70, 20.79) | 0.870 |
Magnesium/mmol | 2.78±1.29 | 2.93±1.20 | 2. 64±1.35 | 0.239 |
Urea/mmol | 229.90 (171.70, 288.10) | 240.60 (191.68, 289.51) | 217.14 (153.66, 280.62) | 0.241 |
Uric acid/mmol | 2 284.7±1 296.8 | 2 648.6±1 549.0 | 1 972.9±938.6 | 0.006 |
Creatinine/μmol | 9 316.4±3 989.1 | 9 988.9±4 259.4 | 8 740.1±3 678.5 | 0.091 |
UACR/(mg·g-1) | 7.57 (2.67, 12.46) | 8.69 (3.93, 16.78) | 7.07 (4.52, 10.41) | 0.153 |
IS/μmol | 63.20 (18.67, 107.72) | 46.56 (35.95, 74.38) | 83.39 (32.91, 97.33) | 0.040 |
IAA/μmol | 34.65 (20.67, 48.62) | 37.32 (22.18, 55.34) | 32.90 (26.63, 46.08) | 0.754 |
PCS/μmol | 110.78 (71.88, 222.37) | 117.58 (63.71, 265.36) | 110.78 (78.83, 178.35) | 0.593 |
Oxalic acid/μmol | 0.154 (0.129, 0.295) | 0.121 (0.149, 0.254) | 0.156 (0.123, 0.298) | 0.068 |
Citric acid/μmol | 6.001 (3.098, 8.359) | 5.443 (3.118, 7.495) | 6.120 (3.081, 8.622) | 0.743 |
Urea creatinine ratio | 28.63±10.02 | 27.67±7.93 | 29.44±11.52 | 0.344 |
Tab 3 Comparison of 24-hour urinary parameters between the populations with and without upper tract urinary calculi
24-hour urinary parameter | All (n=117) | Calculi group (n=54) | Non-calculi group (n=63) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Urine volume/mL | 1 400.7±600.1 | 1 495.3±736.4 | 1 321.3±447.7 | 0.137 |
pH | 6.16 (5.77, 6.54) | 6.35 (6.04, 6.66) | 6.01 (5.61, 6.40) | 0.010 |
Potassium/mmol | 31.90±19.10 | 34.81±23.94 | 29.40±13.37 | 0.127 |
Sodium/mmol | 107.44±53.00 | 116.03±51.99 | 100.08±53.15 | 0.104 |
Chloride/mmol | 115.08±57.43 | 129.21±62.71 | 102.97±49.88 | 0.013 |
Calcium/mmol | 3.49±1.81 | 3.89±1.81 | 3.15±1.74 | 0.027 |
Phosphorus/mmol | 17.43 (12.87, 21.98) | 17.41 (12.80, 19.17) | 17.51 (11.70, 20.79) | 0.870 |
Magnesium/mmol | 2.78±1.29 | 2.93±1.20 | 2. 64±1.35 | 0.239 |
Urea/mmol | 229.90 (171.70, 288.10) | 240.60 (191.68, 289.51) | 217.14 (153.66, 280.62) | 0.241 |
Uric acid/mmol | 2 284.7±1 296.8 | 2 648.6±1 549.0 | 1 972.9±938.6 | 0.006 |
Creatinine/μmol | 9 316.4±3 989.1 | 9 988.9±4 259.4 | 8 740.1±3 678.5 | 0.091 |
UACR/(mg·g-1) | 7.57 (2.67, 12.46) | 8.69 (3.93, 16.78) | 7.07 (4.52, 10.41) | 0.153 |
IS/μmol | 63.20 (18.67, 107.72) | 46.56 (35.95, 74.38) | 83.39 (32.91, 97.33) | 0.040 |
IAA/μmol | 34.65 (20.67, 48.62) | 37.32 (22.18, 55.34) | 32.90 (26.63, 46.08) | 0.754 |
PCS/μmol | 110.78 (71.88, 222.37) | 117.58 (63.71, 265.36) | 110.78 (78.83, 178.35) | 0.593 |
Oxalic acid/μmol | 0.154 (0.129, 0.295) | 0.121 (0.149, 0.254) | 0.156 (0.123, 0.298) | 0.068 |
Citric acid/μmol | 6.001 (3.098, 8.359) | 5.443 (3.118, 7.495) | 6.120 (3.081, 8.622) | 0.743 |
Urea creatinine ratio | 28.63±10.02 | 27.67±7.93 | 29.44±11.52 | 0.344 |
Urinary solute | IS | IAA | PCS | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | P value | r | P value | r | P value | |
Uric acid | 0.031 | 0.739 | 0.142 | 0.234 | 0.297 | 0.002 |
Oxalic acid | 0.143 | 0.123 | 0.420 | 0.000 | 0.307 | 0.001 |
Citric acid | 0.289 | 0.002 | 0.221 | 0.062 | 0.188 | 0.050 |
Tab 4 Correlation analysis between excretion levels of PBUTs and uric acid, oxalic acid, and citric acid in 24-hour urine
Urinary solute | IS | IAA | PCS | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | P value | r | P value | r | P value | |
Uric acid | 0.031 | 0.739 | 0.142 | 0.234 | 0.297 | 0.002 |
Oxalic acid | 0.143 | 0.123 | 0.420 | 0.000 | 0.307 | 0.001 |
Citric acid | 0.289 | 0.002 | 0.221 | 0.062 | 0.188 | 0.050 |
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