Analysis of dentofacial characteristics in Han Chinese adults with facial harmony

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2025.03.008

Abstract

Abstract:

Objective ·To establish Downs cephalometric norms for the Han Chinese aged 18‒25 with harmonious faces, and to analyze gender and regional characteristics. Methods ·A stratified sampling approach was used to recruit participants from seven geographic regions across China. Over 30 000 volunteers were screened, and 883 participants with harmonious faces were ultimately included. Basic demographic data were collected, and lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken. Hard tissue measurements were performed with Downs analysis (using anatomical porion). The data were then statistically analyzed to compare gender and regional differences in dentofacial structures. Results ·The gender differences in the four hard tissue measurements, the angle of convexity, A-B plane angle, mandibular plane angle, and occlusal plane angle, were statistically significant (P<0.001). Females showed larger values for the angle of convexity, mandibular plane angle, and occlusal plane angle, but smaller values for the A-B plane angle, compared to males. The gender differences in the interincisal angle, L1 to occlusal plane, L1 to mandibular plane, and U1 to AP plane were not statistically significant. There were regional differences in all 10 measurements of Downs analysis, though some regions shared common features. Specifically, the northeastern, eastern, and southern coastal regions exhibited a smaller facial angle, and larger mandibular plane angle, angle of convexity, occlusal plane angle, and U1 to AP plane. It suggested that, compared to inland regions, individuals from coastal regions tended to have more retrusive chins, steeper mandibular planes, more prominent upper incisors, and more convex hard tissue profiles. Conclusion ·Gender differences exist in the dentofacial hard tissue structures of Han Chinese adults with harmonious faces, primarily in skeletal measurements. Each region has its unique dentofacial characteristics, along with some common features. These differences should be taken into account in clinical diagnosis and treatment for the development of personalized and precise therapeutic strategies.

Key words: cephalometry, harmonious face, Han Chinese people, adult, normal occlusion

CLC Number:

R783.5

CHEN Siyue, LI Sitong, GU Kaijun, DU Changxin, ZHU Yanfei, ZHENG Chao, ZHOU Jing, HE Ying, ZHU Min. Analysis of dentofacial characteristics in Han Chinese adults with facial harmony[J]. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Medical Science), 2025, 45(3): 317-323.

Figures/Tables 5

TrendMD

References 36

1	ELKASEH A, SHAYEB M A, KUDURUTHULLAH S, et al. Cephalometrics of Libyan adults[J]. Asian J Surg, 2022, 45(5): 1089-1094.
2	伊帕热·克力木江, 祖丽胡马尔·努尔艾合买提, 迪丽菲热·吐尔洪, 等. 新疆地区与广东地区正常人群X线头影测量Arnett分析比较[J]. 中国美容医学, 2020, 29(8): 112-119.
	YIPARE K, ZULIHUMAER N, DILIFEIRE T, et al. Arnett cephalometry analysis and comparison of normal occlusion in Xinjiang and Guangdong[J]. Chinese Journal of Aesthetic Medicine, 2020, 29(8): 112-119.
3	LE L N, DO T T, LE P K V, et al. Norms of soft tissue cephalometric in the 18‒25 age demography in Vietnam[J]. J Orthod Sci, 2023, 12: 35.
4	宇克莉, 张兴华, 程智, 等. 中国不同人群的头面部特征及其差异[J]. 人类学学报, 2024, 43(4): 574-585.
	YU K L, ZHANG X H, CHENG Z, et al. Head and facial characteristics and their differences among different peoples in China[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2024, 43(4): 574-585.
5	宋晴阳, 宇克莉, 郑连斌, 等. 藏缅语族彝语支7个族群成人的头面部特征[J]. 天津师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2021, 41(6): 73-80.
	SONG Q Y, YU K L, ZHENG L F, et al. Head and facial characteristics of seven ethnic groups in Yi language branch of Tibeto-Burman languages[J]. Journal of Tianjin Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2021, 41(6): 73-80.
6	郭杰, 王春玲, 陈扬熙. 山东地区成人正常颅颌面X线头影测量[J]. 山东大学学报(医学版), 2004, 42(4): 466-468.
	GUO J, WANG C L, CHEN Y X. Cephalometric study of normal occlusion for adults of Shandong Province[J]. Journal of Shandong University (Health Science), 2004, 42(4): 466-468.
7	徐频频, 林燕, 刘小敏. 浙江丽水畲族、汉族青少年Downs头影测量分析[J]. 上海口腔医学, 2019, 28(5): 509-512.
	XU P P, LI Y, LIU X M. Downs cephalometric analysis between juveniles of She and Han nationality in Lishui area of Zhejiang province[J]. Shanghai Journal of Stomatology, 2019, 28(5): 509-512.
8	李远远, 赵丙姣, 兰庭超, 等. 中国年轻成人正常 X线头影测量研究[J]. 临床口腔医学杂志, 2016, 32(4): 211-213, 214.
	LI Y Y, ZHAO B J, LAN T C, et al. Cephalometic analysis of Chinese young adults with normal occlusions[J]. Journal of Clinical Stomatology, 2016, 32(4): 211-213, 214.
9	吴雁格, 刘家琦, 张真真, 等. 恒牙列X线头影测量127项指标正常值研究[J]. 口腔医学, 2021, 41(9): 797-804.
	WU Y G, LIU J Q, ZHANG Z Z, et al. Establishment of 127 indexes of permanent dentition cephalometric norm[J]. Stomatology, 2021, 41(9): 797-804.
10	戴宁, 孙蕙, 李蓉, 等. 西安地区正常成人颅颌面结构头影测量分析[J]. 中国美容医学, 2010, 19(10): 1522-1524.
	DAI N, SUN H, LI R, et al. Cephalometric study of adults with normal occlusion in Xi′an using Steiner method[J]. Chinese Journal of Aesthetic Medicine, 2010, 19(10): 1522-1524.
11	郑艳, 车锋哲. 中国延边地区朝鲜族正常成人Downs分析法正常值的建立[J]. 实用口腔医学杂志, 2010, 26(1): 90-93.
	ZHENG Y, CHE F Z. Cephalometric study with Downs analysis on normal occlusion of Korean adults in China[J]. Journal of Practical Stomatology, 2010, 26(1): 90-93.
12	沈云娟, 陈慧霞, 许晓聪. 常州地区正常青少年X线头影测量研究(一)[J]. 口腔医学, 2009, 29(1): 41-42.
	SHEN Y J, CHEN H X, XU X C. Cephlalometric study of adolescents with normal occlusion in Changzhou city (one)[J]. Stomatology, 2009, 29(1): 41-42.
13	阎秀林, 丁伟忠, 张扬. 不同耳点对头影测量值的影响及其相关因素分析[J]. 中国实用口腔科杂志, 2008, 1(12): 730-731.
	YAN X L, DING W Z, ZHANG Y. The effects of anatomical porion and mechanical porion on cephalometric measurements and influencing factors in the location relationships of different porions[J].Chinese Journal of Practical Stomatology, 2008, 1(12): 730-731.
14	田乃学, 卢海平, 刘怡. 临床X线头影测量学[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2021: 159-160
	TIAN N X, LU H P, LIU Y. Clinical X-ray cephalometry[M]. Beijing: People′s Medical Publishing House, 2021: 159-160.
15	傅民魁. 口腔正畸专科教程[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2007: 69-83.
	FU M K. Textbook of orthodontics[M]. Beijing: People′s Medical Publishing House, 2007: 69-83.
16	赵志河. 口腔正畸学[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2020: 62-72.
	ZHAO Z H. Orthodontics[M]. Beijing: People′s Medical Publishing House, 2020: 62-72.
17	陈扬熙. 口腔正畸学: 基础、技术与临床[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2012: 217-224.
	CHEN Y X. Orthodontics foudation, technology and clinical[M]. Beijing: People′s Medical Publishing House, 2012: 217-224.
18	朱梦婷, 马艳, 庞光明. 颏部审美评价方式的研究进展[J]. 中国美容医学, 2023, 32(3): 197-202.
	ZHU M T, MA Y, PANG G M. Research Progress of Chin Aesthetic Evaluation Method[J]. Chinese Journal of Aesthetic Medicine, 2023, 32(3):197-202.
19	张若芳, 厉松, 张丁. 机械耳点与解剖耳点的二维差异及其对头影测量的影响[J]. 北京口腔医学, 2010, 18(3): 155-157.
	ZHANG R F, LI S, ZHANG D. Two dimensional position difference between meachanial porion and anatomical porion and its effect on cephalometry[J]. Beijing Journal of Stomatology, 2010, 18(3): 155-157.
20	SHRINIVAS K A, SUDHAKAR S S, KANNAN G, et al. Predictive equation for construction of anatomic porion with machine porion as reference point[J]. J Contemp Dent Pract, 2023, 24(4): 257-260.
21	陈扬熙, 张德福. 哈尔滨市100名正常儿童侧貌的X线头影测量研究[J]. 中华口腔科杂志, 1985, 20(1): 45-48.
	CHEN Y X, ZHANG D F. Cephalometric study on the profiles of 100 normal occlusion children in harbin city[J]. Chinese Journal of Stomatology, 1985, 20(1): 45-48.
22	关慧娟, 卢青波, 庞梓萌, 等. 青少年安氏Ⅱ类2分类错畸形非拔牙矫治前后面下部软硬组织的变化[J]. 中国医科大学学报, 2020, 49(7): 610-614.
	GUAN H J, LU Q B, PANG Z M, et al. Changes in soft and hard tissues in the lower face of adolescents with class Ⅱ division 2 malocclusion treated using a non-extraction protocol[J]. Journal of China Medical University, 2020, 49(7): 610-614.
23	关玲, 王培军, 张晔, 等. 哈尔滨地区成人个体化头影测量浮动正常值[J]. 口腔医学研究, 2009, 25(3): 358-360.
	GUAN L, WANG P J, ZHANG Y, et al. Individual cephalometric floating norms for Harbin adult[J]. Journal of Oral Science Research, 2009, 25(3): 358-360.
24	李浙杭, 张芳, 段余峰, 等. 长沙地区汉族正常颅颌面硬组织的三维测量[J]. 中南大学学报(医学版), 2018, 43(1): 58-67.
	LI Z H, ZHANG F, DUAN Y F. et al. Three dimensional measurement of craniofacial hard tissues for the Han nationality with normal occlusion in Changsha area[J]. Journal of Central South University (Medical Science), 2018, 43(1): 58-67.
25	ABUTAYYEM H, ALSHAMSI A, QUADRI M F A. Soft tissue cephalometric norms in emirati population: a cross-sectional study[J]. J Multidiscip Healthc, 2021, 14: 2863-2869.
26	OUÉDRAOGO Y, BENYAHIA H, DIOUF J S, et al. Cephalometric norms of a Burkina Faso population[J]. Int Orthod, 2019, 17(1): 136-142.
27	HO T T T, LUONG Q T. Dental-craniofacial characteristics of southern Vietnamese people with well-balanced face on cephalometric films and its comparison with caucasians and northern Vietnamese population[J]. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent, 2021, 11(3): 316-323.
28	张琳, 于舒婷, 张苗苗. 应用Ricketts分析法研究哈尔滨地区正常锥形束CT[J]. 中国美容医学, 2019, 28(1): 115-118.
	ZHANG L, YU S T, ZHANG M M. Study on CBCT of normal occlusion in Harbin area by ricketts method[J]. Chinese Journal of Aesthetic Medicine, 2019, 28(1): 115-118.
29	祖丽胡马尔·努尔艾合买提, 迪丽菲热·吐尔洪, 巴哈尔尼萨·热扎克, 等. 乌鲁木齐地区成人正常人群X线头影测量Arnett分析研究[J]. 中国美容医学, 2019, 28(9): 110-115.
	ZULIHUMAER N, DILIFEIRE T, BAHAERNISA R, et al. Arnett cephalometric analysis of adults with normal occlusion in Urumqi[J]. Chinese Journal of Aesthetic Medicine, 2019, 28(9): 110-115.
30	RAKHSHAN V, GHORBANYJAVADPOUR F. Anteroposterior and vertical soft tissue cephalometric norms of Iranians, interethnic comparisons, sex dimorphism, and the effect of age on cephalometric variables[J]. Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2019, 23(2): 167-178.
31	王新昱, 徐建光. 安徽地区正常人群颅颌面部的三维头影测量[J]. 安徽医科大学学报, 2023, 58(1): 145-150.
	WANG X Y, XU J G. Three-dimensional cephalometric measurement of craniofacial hard tissues with normal occlusion in Anhui area[J]. Acta Universitatis Medicinalis Anhui, 2023, 58(1): 145-150.
32	PIOMBINO P, ESPOSITO E, COMMITTERI U, et al. Facial soft tissue thickness measurement method and relationship with BMI, age and sex[J]. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2023, 124(4): 101420.
33	AL-TAEE R, AL-SAEDI A I L, NAHIDH M. Does body mass index affect soft tissue facial anthropometric measurements?[J]. Int J Morphol, 2021, 39(2): 520-526.
34	KARSLI N, TUHAN KUTLU E. Effect of body mass index on soft tissues in adolescents with skeletal class Ⅰ and normal facial height[J]. PeerJ, 2023, 11: e16196.
35	CHAIMONGKHOL T, MAHAKKANUKRAUH P. The facial soft tissue thickness related facial reconstruction by ultrasonographic imaging: a review[J]. Forensic Sci Int, 2022, 337: 111365.
36	中国营养学会肥胖防控分会, 中国营养学会临床营养分会, 中华预防医学会行为健康分会, 等. 中国居民肥胖防治专家共识[J]. 中华流行病学杂志, 2022, 43(5): 609-626.
	Chinese Nutrition Society Obesity Prevention and Control Section, Chinese Nutrition Society Clinical Nutrition Section, Chinese Preventive Medicine Association Behavioral Health Section, et al. Expert consensus on obesity prevention and treatment in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Epidemiology, 2022, 43(5): 609-626.

Measurement	Overall (n=883)	Female (n=599)	Male (n=284)	P value
FH-NP/(°)	89.83±2.67	89.73±2.54	90.05±2.92	0.106
NA-AP/(°)	3.89±4.35	4.69±4.04	2.21±4.50	<0.001
AB-NP/(°)	-4.88±2.53	-5.19±2.38	-4.23±2.73	<0.001
MP-FH/(°)	21.98±4.91	22.50±4.62	20.88±5.31	<0.001
SGn-FH/(°)	60.17±2.87	60.09±2.79	60.35±3.02	0.195
OP-FH/(°)	6.55±3.65	7.07±3.30	5.45±4.08	<0.001
U1-L1/(°)	127.74±8.17	127.78±8.30	127.63±7.88	0.800
L1-OP/(°)	111.66±5.58	111.64±5.67	111.68±5.40	0.932
L1-MP/(°)	96.24±6.28	96.24±6.19	96.24±6.49	0.987
U1-AP/mm	6.25±1.97	6.26±1.95	6.21±2.01	0.698

Measurement	Overall (n=883)	Female (n=599)	Male (n=284)	P value
FH-NP/(°)	89.83±2.67	89.73±2.54	90.05±2.92	0.106
NA-AP/(°)	3.89±4.35	4.69±4.04	2.21±4.50	<0.001
AB-NP/(°)	-4.88±2.53	-5.19±2.38	-4.23±2.73	<0.001
MP-FH/(°)	21.98±4.91	22.50±4.62	20.88±5.31	<0.001
SGn-FH/(°)	60.17±2.87	60.09±2.79	60.35±3.02	0.195
OP-FH/(°)	6.55±3.65	7.07±3.30	5.45±4.08	<0.001
U1-L1/(°)	127.74±8.17	127.78±8.30	127.63±7.88	0.800
L1-OP/(°)	111.66±5.58	111.64±5.67	111.68±5.40	0.932
L1-MP/(°)	96.24±6.28	96.24±6.19	96.24±6.49	0.987
U1-AP/mm	6.25±1.97	6.26±1.95	6.21±2.01	0.698

Measurement	Region of China							P value
Measurement	Northeast (n=150)	East (n=207)	Central (n=153)	North (n=94)	South (n=54)	Northwest (n=56)	Southwest (n=169)	P value
FH-NP/(°)	89.49±2.52	89.33±2.70	90.00±2.45	90.08±2.46	88.70±2.46	89.60±2.56	90.91±2.83	<0.001
NA-AP/(°)	4.72±4.64	4.66±4.20	3.28±4.25	3.22±4.36	3.67±3.96	3.20±3.59	3.44±4.51	0.002
AB-NP/(°)	-5.61±2.72	-5.13±2.72	-4.65±2.34	-4.75±2.57	-4.26±2.35	-4.70±1.87	-4.48±2.37	0.001
MP-FH/(°)	23.62±5.10	22.62±4.67	21.57±4.27	22.05±4.77	23.82±4.53	21.58±4.95	19.61±4.82	<0.001
SGn-FH/(°)	60.79±2.76	60.61±2.82	59.94±2.45	60.19±2.38	61.38±2.80	60.86±3.25	58.66±2.92	<0.001
OP-FH/(°)	7.72±3.53	6.68±3.70	6.73±3.34	6.05±3.91	7.59±3.11	6.61±3.16	5.10±3.64	<0.001
U1-L1/(°)	127.71±8.60	127.16±8.77	130.00±6.77	126.59±8.30	126.99±8.61	128.77±8.65	126.94±7.46	0.007
L1-OP/(°)	111.07±5.55	112.47±6.04	110.21±4.75	112.17±5.56	112.11±5.83	111.59±6.31	112.09±5.16	0.005
L1-MP/(°)	95.18±6.53	96.58±6.81	95.38±5.31	96.19±6.27	95.88±6.82	96.62±6.67	97.56±5.70	0.016
U1-AP/mm	6.21±2.18	6.54±2.08	5.88±1.62	6.68±1.96	6.58±2.07	5.94±1.85	5.99±1.84	0.002

Measurement	Region of China							P value
Measurement	Northeast (n=150)	East (n=207)	Central (n=153)	North (n=94)	South (n=54)	Northwest (n=56)	Southwest (n=169)	P value
FH-NP/(°)	89.49±2.52	89.33±2.70	90.00±2.45	90.08±2.46	88.70±2.46	89.60±2.56	90.91±2.83	<0.001
NA-AP/(°)	4.72±4.64	4.66±4.20	3.28±4.25	3.22±4.36	3.67±3.96	3.20±3.59	3.44±4.51	0.002
AB-NP/(°)	-5.61±2.72	-5.13±2.72	-4.65±2.34	-4.75±2.57	-4.26±2.35	-4.70±1.87	-4.48±2.37	0.001
MP-FH/(°)	23.62±5.10	22.62±4.67	21.57±4.27	22.05±4.77	23.82±4.53	21.58±4.95	19.61±4.82	<0.001
SGn-FH/(°)	60.79±2.76	60.61±2.82	59.94±2.45	60.19±2.38	61.38±2.80	60.86±3.25	58.66±2.92	<0.001
OP-FH/(°)	7.72±3.53	6.68±3.70	6.73±3.34	6.05±3.91	7.59±3.11	6.61±3.16	5.10±3.64	<0.001
U1-L1/(°)	127.71±8.60	127.16±8.77	130.00±6.77	126.59±8.30	126.99±8.61	128.77±8.65	126.94±7.46	0.007
L1-OP/(°)	111.07±5.55	112.47±6.04	110.21±4.75	112.17±5.56	112.11±5.83	111.59±6.31	112.09±5.16	0.005
L1-MP/(°)	95.18±6.53	96.58±6.81	95.38±5.31	96.19±6.27	95.88±6.82	96.62±6.67	97.56±5.70	0.016
U1-AP/mm	6.21±2.18	6.54±2.08	5.88±1.62	6.68±1.96	6.58±2.07	5.94±1.85	5.99±1.84	0.002

[1]	MA Zhuoran, YUAN Ancai, JIANG Huiru, CHEN Xiaoyu, ZHANG Wei, PU Jun. Meta analysis of correlation between lipid accumulation product and hypertension in Chinese adults [J]. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Medical Science), 2023, 43(4): 466-473.
[2]	ZENG Ling-peng, ZHANG Qing, GUAN Yan-xing, LIU Shao-zheng, CHEN Qing-jie, ZHANG Qing. Diagnosis and surgical treatment of adult Merkel diverticulum with complications [J]. , 2020, 40(2): 242-.
[3]	JIANG Cai-xia1, ZOU Min2, JIANG Li-ping2. Characteristic analysis of 590 older adults with geriatric syndromes in Shanghai based on cluster analysis [J]. , 2018, 38(9): 1072-.
[4]	SHI Yong-heng, LONG Man-mei, LIU Qiang, CHEN Xiao-yu. Clinicopathologic features of 9 cases of adult rhabdomyosarcoma#br# [J]. , 2017, 37(7): 1015-.
[5]	TU Yang, WANG Ran, GUO Ru-ru, WANG Su-li, FU Qiong, Lü Liang-jing. Clinical characteristics of patients with macrophage activation syndrome secondary to adult-onset Still’s disease [J]. , 2017, 37(6): 780-.
[6]	CHEN Jie, WANG Hao-ran, FANG Chao, LIU Min . Study of pituitary glands in normal adults by high-resolution MRI [J]. , 2017, 37(5): 670-.
[7]	GAO Mei-chun, LU Qin-chi. Systematic analysis of adults with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and combined with central nervous system #br# involvement [J]. , 2015, 35(11): 1671-.
[8]	LU Jun, HOU Xu-hong, JIA Wei-ping. Advances of pathogenesis of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults [J]. , 2014, 34(4): 546-.
[9]	ZHOU Li-jia, WU Jian-yong. Effects of stem cells on kidney repair after acute kidney injury [J]. , 2014, 34(3): 393-.
[10]	ZHANG Zhen-chao, ZENG An, HAN Xiao-shuai, et al. HDAC1 determines adult stem cell maintenance in planarian [J]. , 2013, 33(9): 1202-.
[11]	XU Ling, YANG Yan. Status quo of adult female urinary incontinence and quality of life in Shanghai [J]. , 2013, 33(5): 552-.
[12]	WANG Yan, LI Qing-yun, LIN Ying-ni, et al. Serum visfatin levels in adult male patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome [J]. , 2012, 32(4): 503-.
[13]	CHEN Xing-shi, TANG Yun-xiang, XU Yi-feng, et al. Creation and application of test methods for error-monitoring function [J]. , 2011, 31(11): 1612-.
[14]	LIN Fu-jun, SHAN Jian-ping, ZHU Chun, et al. Study of CD4⁺Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells in peripheral blood of adult minimal change disease [J]. , 2010, 30(11): 1380-.
[15]	SHI Yong-mei, LUO Xi, JIANG Yong-mei, et al. Analysis of bone strength and influencing factors in adults [J]. , 2010, 30(1): 28-.