Tea is beneficial to human health, which is rich in tea pigments with important biological activities. Theabrownin, derived from theaflavins and thearubigins by oxidative polymerization, mainly distributes in semi-fermented oolong tea, and completely fermented black tea and dark tea. As a kind of macromolecular substance, theabrownin cannot be directly absorbed by the gut, but it can directly interact with intestinal microbiota to regulate and maintain the homeostasis of intestinal flora. Theabrownin has multiple physiological roles via modulating the gut microbiota, including inhibiting hepatic cholesterol production, promoting the catabolism of cholesterol and triglyceride, and promoting energy metabolism in adipose tissues, thereby improving lipid metabolism. Theabrownin can also directly influence the gut absorption of glucose to improve carbohydrate metabolism and maintain blood glucose homeostasis. Theabrownin plays an anti-tumor role by inducing apoptosis and regulating gene expression in tumor cells. Theabrownin also plays an anti-inflammatory role via participating in the regulation of the immune cell differentiation and the levels of inflammatory factors. This review summarizes the formation process, the extraction procedures, and the chemical structure of theabrownin, and reviews the effects and mechanisms of theabrownin on intestinal microbiota, lipid metabolism, blood glucose homeostasis, cancer and inflammation.
WANG Jieyi, ZHENG Dan, ZHENG Xiaojiao, JIA Wei, ZHAO Aihua. Research progress in biological activities and mechanisms of theabrownin. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Medical Science)[J], 2023, 43(6): 768-774 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2023.06.014
近年来随着肥胖人群的日益增多，高脂血症、脂肪肝等代谢性疾病越来越普遍。而血清中胆固醇水平异常升高，是动脉粥样硬化、冠心病、脂肪肝等的重要危险因素［27］。研究表明，茶褐素可以显著降低由高脂饮食诱导肥胖小鼠的胆固醇水平，通过抑制肝脏胆固醇合成关键酶减少胆固醇的生成［5］，且茶褐素还可以上调促进胆固醇分解代谢的肝脂酶的表达水平，促进胆固醇的分解［28］。胆汁酸是由肝细胞中的胆固醇合成，是胆固醇分解代谢的主要产物，因此胆汁酸的合成和排泄对维持胆固醇稳态至关重要［29］。本课题组的前期研究［6］表明，茶褐素通过重塑肠道菌群结构，影响胆汁酸代谢，进而调节胆固醇分解代谢。茶褐素显著下调具有胆汁盐水解酶（bile salt hydrolase，BSH）功能的相关微生物（如乳杆菌属（Lactobaccillus）、芽孢杆菌属（Baccillus）、链球菌属（Streptococcus）、乳球菌属（Lactococcus）、肠球菌属（Enterococcus）的丰度，使小鼠回肠腔中肠道菌的BSH活性下降，结合性胆汁酸（如牛磺鹅去氧胆酸和牛磺熊去氧胆酸等）显著增加，从而抑制肠道法尼醇X受体（FXR）/成纤维细胞生长因子15/19（FGF15/19）/成纤维细胞生长因子受体4（FGFR4）信号通路，促进肝脏胆固醇的胆汁酸合成替代途径的关键酶细胞色素P450家族7亚家族B成员1（cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily B member 1，Cyp7b1）和细胞色素P450 27A1（cytochrome P450 27A1，Cyp27a1）的表达，鹅去氧胆酸的合成明显增加，胆固醇水平明显下降［6］。此外，高脂血症大鼠经茶褐素干预后，粪便胆汁酸浓度较对照组更高，提示茶褐素加速了胆固醇生成胆汁酸的代谢，并促进胆汁酸从粪便的排出［30］，达到降低胆固醇的作用。
The manuscript was drafted and revised by WANG Jieyi, ZHENG Dan and ZHENG Xiaojiao. The writing of the manuscript was guided by JIA Wei and ZHAO Aihua. All the authors have read the last version of paper and consented for submission.
利益冲突声明
所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。
COMPETING INTERESTS
All authors disclose no relevant conflict of interests.
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... 近年来随着肥胖人群的日益增多，高脂血症、脂肪肝等代谢性疾病越来越普遍.而血清中胆固醇水平异常升高，是动脉粥样硬化、冠心病、脂肪肝等的重要危险因素［27］.研究表明，茶褐素可以显著降低由高脂饮食诱导肥胖小鼠的胆固醇水平，通过抑制肝脏胆固醇合成关键酶减少胆固醇的生成［5］，且茶褐素还可以上调促进胆固醇分解代谢的肝脂酶的表达水平，促进胆固醇的分解［28］.胆汁酸是由肝细胞中的胆固醇合成，是胆固醇分解代谢的主要产物，因此胆汁酸的合成和排泄对维持胆固醇稳态至关重要［29］.本课题组的前期研究［6］表明，茶褐素通过重塑肠道菌群结构，影响胆汁酸代谢，进而调节胆固醇分解代谢.茶褐素显著下调具有胆汁盐水解酶（bile salt hydrolase，BSH）功能的相关微生物（如乳杆菌属（Lactobaccillus）、芽孢杆菌属（Baccillus）、链球菌属（Streptococcus）、乳球菌属（Lactococcus）、肠球菌属（Enterococcus）的丰度，使小鼠回肠腔中肠道菌的BSH活性下降，结合性胆汁酸（如牛磺鹅去氧胆酸和牛磺熊去氧胆酸等）显著增加，从而抑制肠道法尼醇X受体（FXR）/成纤维细胞生长因子15/19（FGF15/19）/成纤维细胞生长因子受体4（FGFR4）信号通路，促进肝脏胆固醇的胆汁酸合成替代途径的关键酶细胞色素P450家族7亚家族B成员1（cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily B member 1，Cyp7b1）和细胞色素P450 27A1（cytochrome P450 27A1，Cyp27a1）的表达，鹅去氧胆酸的合成明显增加，胆固醇水平明显下降［6］.此外，高脂血症大鼠经茶褐素干预后，粪便胆汁酸浓度较对照组更高，提示茶褐素加速了胆固醇生成胆汁酸的代谢，并促进胆汁酸从粪便的排出［30］，达到降低胆固醇的作用. ...
... 近年来随着肥胖人群的日益增多，高脂血症、脂肪肝等代谢性疾病越来越普遍.而血清中胆固醇水平异常升高，是动脉粥样硬化、冠心病、脂肪肝等的重要危险因素［27］.研究表明，茶褐素可以显著降低由高脂饮食诱导肥胖小鼠的胆固醇水平，通过抑制肝脏胆固醇合成关键酶减少胆固醇的生成［5］，且茶褐素还可以上调促进胆固醇分解代谢的肝脂酶的表达水平，促进胆固醇的分解［28］.胆汁酸是由肝细胞中的胆固醇合成，是胆固醇分解代谢的主要产物，因此胆汁酸的合成和排泄对维持胆固醇稳态至关重要［29］.本课题组的前期研究［6］表明，茶褐素通过重塑肠道菌群结构，影响胆汁酸代谢，进而调节胆固醇分解代谢.茶褐素显著下调具有胆汁盐水解酶（bile salt hydrolase，BSH）功能的相关微生物（如乳杆菌属（Lactobaccillus）、芽孢杆菌属（Baccillus）、链球菌属（Streptococcus）、乳球菌属（Lactococcus）、肠球菌属（Enterococcus）的丰度，使小鼠回肠腔中肠道菌的BSH活性下降，结合性胆汁酸（如牛磺鹅去氧胆酸和牛磺熊去氧胆酸等）显著增加，从而抑制肠道法尼醇X受体（FXR）/成纤维细胞生长因子15/19（FGF15/19）/成纤维细胞生长因子受体4（FGFR4）信号通路，促进肝脏胆固醇的胆汁酸合成替代途径的关键酶细胞色素P450家族7亚家族B成员1（cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily B member 1，Cyp7b1）和细胞色素P450 27A1（cytochrome P450 27A1，Cyp27a1）的表达，鹅去氧胆酸的合成明显增加，胆固醇水平明显下降［6］.此外，高脂血症大鼠经茶褐素干预后，粪便胆汁酸浓度较对照组更高，提示茶褐素加速了胆固醇生成胆汁酸的代谢，并促进胆汁酸从粪便的排出［30］，达到降低胆固醇的作用. ...
近年来随着肥胖人群的日益增多，高脂血症、脂肪肝等代谢性疾病越来越普遍.而血清中胆固醇水平异常升高，是动脉粥样硬化、冠心病、脂肪肝等的重要危险因素［27］.研究表明，茶褐素可以显著降低由高脂饮食诱导肥胖小鼠的胆固醇水平，通过抑制肝脏胆固醇合成关键酶减少胆固醇的生成［5］，且茶褐素还可以上调促进胆固醇分解代谢的肝脂酶的表达水平，促进胆固醇的分解［28］.胆汁酸是由肝细胞中的胆固醇合成，是胆固醇分解代谢的主要产物，因此胆汁酸的合成和排泄对维持胆固醇稳态至关重要［29］.本课题组的前期研究［6］表明，茶褐素通过重塑肠道菌群结构，影响胆汁酸代谢，进而调节胆固醇分解代谢.茶褐素显著下调具有胆汁盐水解酶（bile salt hydrolase，BSH）功能的相关微生物（如乳杆菌属（Lactobaccillus）、芽孢杆菌属（Baccillus）、链球菌属（Streptococcus）、乳球菌属（Lactococcus）、肠球菌属（Enterococcus）的丰度，使小鼠回肠腔中肠道菌的BSH活性下降，结合性胆汁酸（如牛磺鹅去氧胆酸和牛磺熊去氧胆酸等）显著增加，从而抑制肠道法尼醇X受体（FXR）/成纤维细胞生长因子15/19（FGF15/19）/成纤维细胞生长因子受体4（FGFR4）信号通路，促进肝脏胆固醇的胆汁酸合成替代途径的关键酶细胞色素P450家族7亚家族B成员1（cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily B member 1，Cyp7b1）和细胞色素P450 27A1（cytochrome P450 27A1，Cyp27a1）的表达，鹅去氧胆酸的合成明显增加，胆固醇水平明显下降［6］.此外，高脂血症大鼠经茶褐素干预后，粪便胆汁酸浓度较对照组更高，提示茶褐素加速了胆固醇生成胆汁酸的代谢，并促进胆汁酸从粪便的排出［30］，达到降低胆固醇的作用. ...
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... Genus: Desulfovibrio
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2.2 改善脂质代谢
近年来随着肥胖人群的日益增多，高脂血症、脂肪肝等代谢性疾病越来越普遍.而血清中胆固醇水平异常升高，是动脉粥样硬化、冠心病、脂肪肝等的重要危险因素［27］.研究表明，茶褐素可以显著降低由高脂饮食诱导肥胖小鼠的胆固醇水平，通过抑制肝脏胆固醇合成关键酶减少胆固醇的生成［5］，且茶褐素还可以上调促进胆固醇分解代谢的肝脂酶的表达水平，促进胆固醇的分解［28］.胆汁酸是由肝细胞中的胆固醇合成，是胆固醇分解代谢的主要产物，因此胆汁酸的合成和排泄对维持胆固醇稳态至关重要［29］.本课题组的前期研究［6］表明，茶褐素通过重塑肠道菌群结构，影响胆汁酸代谢，进而调节胆固醇分解代谢.茶褐素显著下调具有胆汁盐水解酶（bile salt hydrolase，BSH）功能的相关微生物（如乳杆菌属（Lactobaccillus）、芽孢杆菌属（Baccillus）、链球菌属（Streptococcus）、乳球菌属（Lactococcus）、肠球菌属（Enterococcus）的丰度，使小鼠回肠腔中肠道菌的BSH活性下降，结合性胆汁酸（如牛磺鹅去氧胆酸和牛磺熊去氧胆酸等）显著增加，从而抑制肠道法尼醇X受体（FXR）/成纤维细胞生长因子15/19（FGF15/19）/成纤维细胞生长因子受体4（FGFR4）信号通路，促进肝脏胆固醇的胆汁酸合成替代途径的关键酶细胞色素P450家族7亚家族B成员1（cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily B member 1，Cyp7b1）和细胞色素P450 27A1（cytochrome P450 27A1，Cyp27a1）的表达，鹅去氧胆酸的合成明显增加，胆固醇水平明显下降［6］.此外，高脂血症大鼠经茶褐素干预后，粪便胆汁酸浓度较对照组更高，提示茶褐素加速了胆固醇生成胆汁酸的代谢，并促进胆汁酸从粪便的排出［30］，达到降低胆固醇的作用. ...
1
... 近年来随着肥胖人群的日益增多，高脂血症、脂肪肝等代谢性疾病越来越普遍.而血清中胆固醇水平异常升高，是动脉粥样硬化、冠心病、脂肪肝等的重要危险因素［27］.研究表明，茶褐素可以显著降低由高脂饮食诱导肥胖小鼠的胆固醇水平，通过抑制肝脏胆固醇合成关键酶减少胆固醇的生成［5］，且茶褐素还可以上调促进胆固醇分解代谢的肝脂酶的表达水平，促进胆固醇的分解［28］.胆汁酸是由肝细胞中的胆固醇合成，是胆固醇分解代谢的主要产物，因此胆汁酸的合成和排泄对维持胆固醇稳态至关重要［29］.本课题组的前期研究［6］表明，茶褐素通过重塑肠道菌群结构，影响胆汁酸代谢，进而调节胆固醇分解代谢.茶褐素显著下调具有胆汁盐水解酶（bile salt hydrolase，BSH）功能的相关微生物（如乳杆菌属（Lactobaccillus）、芽孢杆菌属（Baccillus）、链球菌属（Streptococcus）、乳球菌属（Lactococcus）、肠球菌属（Enterococcus）的丰度，使小鼠回肠腔中肠道菌的BSH活性下降，结合性胆汁酸（如牛磺鹅去氧胆酸和牛磺熊去氧胆酸等）显著增加，从而抑制肠道法尼醇X受体（FXR）/成纤维细胞生长因子15/19（FGF15/19）/成纤维细胞生长因子受体4（FGFR4）信号通路，促进肝脏胆固醇的胆汁酸合成替代途径的关键酶细胞色素P450家族7亚家族B成员1（cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily B member 1，Cyp7b1）和细胞色素P450 27A1（cytochrome P450 27A1，Cyp27a1）的表达，鹅去氧胆酸的合成明显增加，胆固醇水平明显下降［6］.此外，高脂血症大鼠经茶褐素干预后，粪便胆汁酸浓度较对照组更高，提示茶褐素加速了胆固醇生成胆汁酸的代谢，并促进胆汁酸从粪便的排出［30］，达到降低胆固醇的作用. ...
3
... 近年来随着肥胖人群的日益增多，高脂血症、脂肪肝等代谢性疾病越来越普遍.而血清中胆固醇水平异常升高，是动脉粥样硬化、冠心病、脂肪肝等的重要危险因素［27］.研究表明，茶褐素可以显著降低由高脂饮食诱导肥胖小鼠的胆固醇水平，通过抑制肝脏胆固醇合成关键酶减少胆固醇的生成［5］，且茶褐素还可以上调促进胆固醇分解代谢的肝脂酶的表达水平，促进胆固醇的分解［28］.胆汁酸是由肝细胞中的胆固醇合成，是胆固醇分解代谢的主要产物，因此胆汁酸的合成和排泄对维持胆固醇稳态至关重要［29］.本课题组的前期研究［6］表明，茶褐素通过重塑肠道菌群结构，影响胆汁酸代谢，进而调节胆固醇分解代谢.茶褐素显著下调具有胆汁盐水解酶（bile salt hydrolase，BSH）功能的相关微生物（如乳杆菌属（Lactobaccillus）、芽孢杆菌属（Baccillus）、链球菌属（Streptococcus）、乳球菌属（Lactococcus）、肠球菌属（Enterococcus）的丰度，使小鼠回肠腔中肠道菌的BSH活性下降，结合性胆汁酸（如牛磺鹅去氧胆酸和牛磺熊去氧胆酸等）显著增加，从而抑制肠道法尼醇X受体（FXR）/成纤维细胞生长因子15/19（FGF15/19）/成纤维细胞生长因子受体4（FGFR4）信号通路，促进肝脏胆固醇的胆汁酸合成替代途径的关键酶细胞色素P450家族7亚家族B成员1（cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily B member 1，Cyp7b1）和细胞色素P450 27A1（cytochrome P450 27A1，Cyp27a1）的表达，鹅去氧胆酸的合成明显增加，胆固醇水平明显下降［6］.此外，高脂血症大鼠经茶褐素干预后，粪便胆汁酸浓度较对照组更高，提示茶褐素加速了胆固醇生成胆汁酸的代谢，并促进胆汁酸从粪便的排出［30］，达到降低胆固醇的作用. ...
... 近年来随着肥胖人群的日益增多，高脂血症、脂肪肝等代谢性疾病越来越普遍.而血清中胆固醇水平异常升高，是动脉粥样硬化、冠心病、脂肪肝等的重要危险因素［27］.研究表明，茶褐素可以显著降低由高脂饮食诱导肥胖小鼠的胆固醇水平，通过抑制肝脏胆固醇合成关键酶减少胆固醇的生成［5］，且茶褐素还可以上调促进胆固醇分解代谢的肝脂酶的表达水平，促进胆固醇的分解［28］.胆汁酸是由肝细胞中的胆固醇合成，是胆固醇分解代谢的主要产物，因此胆汁酸的合成和排泄对维持胆固醇稳态至关重要［29］.本课题组的前期研究［6］表明，茶褐素通过重塑肠道菌群结构，影响胆汁酸代谢，进而调节胆固醇分解代谢.茶褐素显著下调具有胆汁盐水解酶（bile salt hydrolase，BSH）功能的相关微生物（如乳杆菌属（Lactobaccillus）、芽孢杆菌属（Baccillus）、链球菌属（Streptococcus）、乳球菌属（Lactococcus）、肠球菌属（Enterococcus）的丰度，使小鼠回肠腔中肠道菌的BSH活性下降，结合性胆汁酸（如牛磺鹅去氧胆酸和牛磺熊去氧胆酸等）显著增加，从而抑制肠道法尼醇X受体（FXR）/成纤维细胞生长因子15/19（FGF15/19）/成纤维细胞生长因子受体4（FGFR4）信号通路，促进肝脏胆固醇的胆汁酸合成替代途径的关键酶细胞色素P450家族7亚家族B成员1（cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily B member 1，Cyp7b1）和细胞色素P450 27A1（cytochrome P450 27A1，Cyp27a1）的表达，鹅去氧胆酸的合成明显增加，胆固醇水平明显下降［6］.此外，高脂血症大鼠经茶褐素干预后，粪便胆汁酸浓度较对照组更高，提示茶褐素加速了胆固醇生成胆汁酸的代谢，并促进胆汁酸从粪便的排出［30］，达到降低胆固醇的作用. ...
1
... 近年来随着肥胖人群的日益增多，高脂血症、脂肪肝等代谢性疾病越来越普遍.而血清中胆固醇水平异常升高，是动脉粥样硬化、冠心病、脂肪肝等的重要危险因素［27］.研究表明，茶褐素可以显著降低由高脂饮食诱导肥胖小鼠的胆固醇水平，通过抑制肝脏胆固醇合成关键酶减少胆固醇的生成［5］，且茶褐素还可以上调促进胆固醇分解代谢的肝脂酶的表达水平，促进胆固醇的分解［28］.胆汁酸是由肝细胞中的胆固醇合成，是胆固醇分解代谢的主要产物，因此胆汁酸的合成和排泄对维持胆固醇稳态至关重要［29］.本课题组的前期研究［6］表明，茶褐素通过重塑肠道菌群结构，影响胆汁酸代谢，进而调节胆固醇分解代谢.茶褐素显著下调具有胆汁盐水解酶（bile salt hydrolase，BSH）功能的相关微生物（如乳杆菌属（Lactobaccillus）、芽孢杆菌属（Baccillus）、链球菌属（Streptococcus）、乳球菌属（Lactococcus）、肠球菌属（Enterococcus）的丰度，使小鼠回肠腔中肠道菌的BSH活性下降，结合性胆汁酸（如牛磺鹅去氧胆酸和牛磺熊去氧胆酸等）显著增加，从而抑制肠道法尼醇X受体（FXR）/成纤维细胞生长因子15/19（FGF15/19）/成纤维细胞生长因子受体4（FGFR4）信号通路，促进肝脏胆固醇的胆汁酸合成替代途径的关键酶细胞色素P450家族7亚家族B成员1（cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily B member 1，Cyp7b1）和细胞色素P450 27A1（cytochrome P450 27A1，Cyp27a1）的表达，鹅去氧胆酸的合成明显增加，胆固醇水平明显下降［6］.此外，高脂血症大鼠经茶褐素干预后，粪便胆汁酸浓度较对照组更高，提示茶褐素加速了胆固醇生成胆汁酸的代谢，并促进胆汁酸从粪便的排出［30］，达到降低胆固醇的作用. ...
