目的·观察大黄对大鼠肠道菌群与机体间的平衡关系的影响。方法·以Wistar大鼠为研究模型,将其随机分为4组(每组n=8),分别以大黄提取液0.1 g/kg(低剂量大黄组)、2.5 g/kg(中剂量大黄组)、4.5 g/kg(高剂量大黄组)及等量生理盐水(对照组)进行灌胃,连续给药5 d。每日观察大鼠粪便含水量的变化情况。采用气相色谱-飞行时间质谱(gas chromatography/time of flight mass spectrometry, GC/TOFMS)技术对第5日大鼠体内血清、结肠组织、粪便的代谢物进行检测,并采用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)和偏最小二乘判别分析(partial least squares discrimination analysis,PLS-DA)方法分析不同剂量组与对照组间代谢物的差异,进一步采用t检验获得差异具有统计学意义的代谢物。结果·大黄给药后,大黄组大鼠粪便含水量随时间及剂量的增加逐渐增大。给药第5日,与对照组相比,不同剂量大黄组大鼠体内血清、结肠组织和粪便中分别检测到28、18和20种差异代谢物的水平有显著变化(P<0.05),且有17种血清代谢物、2种结肠组织代谢物、10种粪便代谢物的水平变化呈现剂量效应。其中,部分神经递质类物质、吲哚类物质、胆酸类物质等肠道菌群-宿主共代谢物给药后发生了显著变化。粪便中儿茶酚、吲哚-3-乙酸的水平明显升高,而苯丙氨酸、4-氨基丁酸、左旋多巴、吲哚-3-丙酸的水平明显降低;在高剂量大黄组结肠组织中脱氧胆酸明显升高;与对照组相比,不同剂量组中血清苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸、色氨酸的水平明显升高。此外,富马酸(能量代谢相关的有机酸类物质)在大黄给药后的粪便中明显下调,而在结肠组织和血清中明显上调。随着给药剂量增大,谷氨酸(氨基酸类物质之一)水平在血清中明显递增,但在粪便中逐渐递减。除了6-磷酸葡萄糖酸外,果糖、丙酮酸、乳酸、葡萄糖-1-磷酸、D-甘油-1-磷酸等糖代谢物和二十二酸、13-二十二碳烯酸、单硬脂酸甘油酯、胆固醇等脂代谢物的水平在血清中升高,而结肠组织中D-甘油-1-磷酸和粪便中乳酸、葡萄糖-1-磷酸、亚麻酸明显降低。结论·大黄通过肠道菌群-宿主共代谢作用影响了脑-肠轴、胆汁酸代谢,进一步作用于机体的能量代谢、氨基酸代谢、糖代谢和脂代谢。
关键词:大黄
;
肠道菌群
;
共代谢
;
气相色谱-飞行时间质谱
Abstract
Objective ·To study the effect of rhubarb administration on the balance between intestinal flora and the body.Methods ·Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=8), which were given extractions of rhubarb 0.1 g/kg (low dose group), 2.5 g/kg (medium dose group), 4.5 g/kg (high dose group) and normal saline (control group) by intragastric administration for 5 d, and the daily change of fecal water content of rats was observed. Gas chromatography/time of flight mass spectrometry (GC/TOFMS) approach was used to detect the metabolites in serum, colon tissue and fecal of rats on the 5th day of administration. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) were used to analyze the differences of metabolites between different dose groups and the control group. The metabolites with statistical significance were obtained by t-test. Results ·The water content of rat feces in the dose group gradually increased with the time and dose after rhubarb administration. Compared with the control group, 28, 18 and 20 differential metabolites were obtained in serum, colon tissue and fecal samples from different dose groups, which showed significant changes (P<0.05) on the 5th day. At the same time, the levels of 17 serum metabolites, 2 colon tissue metabolites, and 10 fecal metabolites altered significantly in a dose-dependent manner. Among these differential metabolites, some gut microbial-host co-metabolites, including neurotransmitters, indoles, and bile acids, were observed to alter significantly after rhubarb administration. The levels of fecal catechol and indole-3-acetic acid increased while the levels of fecal phenylalanine, 4-aminobutyric acid, L-DOPA, and indole-3-propionic acid decreased. Deoxycholic acid level was significantly elevated in colon tissue samples from the high-dose group. Compared with the control group, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan levels in serum samples also increased in different dose groups. In addition, the levels of fumaric acid (one of organic acids related to energy metabolism), was down-regulated in fecal samples but up-regulated in colon tissue and serum samples. With the increase of dosage, the level of glutamic acid (one of amino acids) significantly increased in serum samples but gradually decreased in colon tissue samples. Except for 6-phosphogluconic acid, the levels of carbohydrates and lipid metabolites, including fructose, pyruvate, lactic acid, glucose-1-phosphate, D-glycero-1-phosphate docosenic acid, 13-docosenoic acid, 1-monostearoylglycerol, and cholesterol increased in the serum samples, while those of D-glycero-1-phosphate in colon tissue and lactic acid, glucose-1-phosphate, and linolenic acid in fecal samples decreased. Conclusion ·Rhubarb affects brain-gut axis and bile acid metabolism through the gut microbial-host co-metabolism, and further affects the body's energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, glycometabolism and lipid metabolism.
Keywords:rhubarb
;
gut microbiota
;
co-metabolism
;
gas chromatography/time of flight mass spectrometry (GC/TOFMS)
GAO Yu, YIN Shan, PANG Yue, LIANG Wenyi, LIU Yumin. Effect of rhubarb on gut microbiota-host co-metabolism in rats. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Medical Science)[J], 2023, 43(8): 997-1007 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2023.08.007
本研究以大鼠为研究对象,采用气相色谱-飞行时间质谱(gas chromatography/time of flight mass spectrometry,GC/TOFMS)技术检测大黄给药后大鼠体内血清、结肠组织、粪便中代谢产物的变化,评估大黄对肠道菌群-宿主共代谢作用的影响,以期为临床上大黄的药理研究提供参考。
GC-TOFMS数据文件通过ChromaTOF软件(美国 LECO 公司)结合NIST17谱库和LECO/Fiehn代谢库进行样本中代谢物的定性分析。最终获得样本信息、谱峰信息(由保留时间和质荷比组成)、色谱峰面积组成的三维数据矩阵。经过数据提取功能得到差异性变量,然后将上述处理的矩阵导入到SIMCA-P14 软件中进行多维统计分析,并采用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)和偏最小二乘判别分析(partial least squares discrimination analysis,PLS-DA)获得实验参数和样本信息之间的相互关系。采用t检验进行数据分析,获得差异具有统计学意义的代谢物(P<0.05)。同时,观察各组样本在模型中总体的分布状况,以及鉴别用于区分各组间代谢轮廓贡献较大的代谢物,从而找到与大黄药物干预后差异较大的代谢物。利用京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes,KEGG)数据库对差异代谢物进一步进行代谢通路分析。
Metabolites of gut microbial-proteins, peptides and amino acids/gut microbial-host co-metabolism
Catechol
Lactobacillus[+ -]
Clostridium[]
1.09
-1.06
1.42①
Phenylpropionic acid
1.01
1.75①
1.48①
5.27①
8.35①
5.44①
2-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid
-2.08①
-2.33①
-2.33①
L-DOPA
1.10
-1.44①
-1.30①
Phenylalanine
1.12
1.20①
1.23①
-1.28
-1.43①
-1.49①
Tyrosine
1.41①
1.53①
1.58①
4-aminobutyric acid
Clostridium[]
-1.30
-1.79①
-1.35
Ornithine
1.21①
1.31①
2.03①
-2.08①
-1.85①
-2.00①
Spermidine
1.58①
2.17①
2.30①
Tryptophan
Escherichia coli[+ -]
Bifidobacterium[+]
1.07
1.41①
1.46①
Indole-3-acetic acid
1.12
2.06①
1.92①
Indole-3-propionic acid
1.00
-1.10
-2.00①
Indole-3-lactic acid
1.08
1.36①
1.43①
Kynurenic acid
1.29①
1.44①
-7.14①
Xanthuric acid
-1.09
-1.25①
-1.47①
Nicotinic acid
-1.11
-1.11
2.85①
-1.12
-1.25①
-1.28①
Deoxycholic acid
Lactobacillus[+ -]
Bifidobacterium[+]
Bacteroides[+]
Escherichia coli[+ -]
Clostridium[]
-1.03
1.04
2.88①
Cholesterol
1.75①
1.84①
2.46①
-1.85
-4.17①
-3.85①
Isoleucine
1.18
1.18
1.22①
-1.26
-1.28①
-1.39①
Leucine
1.15
1.19
1.24①
-1.17
-1.25①
-1.26①
Valine
1.21
1.19
1.26①
-1.21
-1.58①
-1.67①
Isovaleric acid
1.28
1.02
-2.94①
Caproic acid
1.04
4.37①
4.30①
TCA cycle
Fumaric acid
Bifidobacterium[+]
Lactobacillus[+ -]
2.29①
2.84①
3.83①
1.73①
1.28
1.25①
-1.85①
-1.79①
-1.75①
Malic acid
1.60①
2.28①
3.49①
1.71①
-1.06①
1.00
-1.64①
-2.17①
-2.04①
α-ketoglutaric acid
1.33
1.34
1.60①
Citric acid
1.48①
1.41①
1.74①
Isocitrate
1.53
1.64①
1.77①
TCA cycle-amino acid
Glutamic acid
1.27①
1.31①
1.43①
-1.23
-1.61①
-1.72①
Glutamine
2.15①
2.37①
3.08①
Aspartic acid
1.31①
1.46①
1.60①
Asparagine
1.17
1.59①
1.40①
TCA cycle-glycometabolism
Pyruvate
Bifidobacterium[+]
Bacteroides[+]
Lactobacillus[+ -]
1.09
1.37
1.67①
-1.03
1.47
2.48①
Lactic acid
1.16
1.46①
1.46①
1.55①
-1.07
-1.05
-3.52①
-2.68①
-1.05①
Fructose
1.08
1.23①
1.41①
1.46①
2.20①
3.41①
6-phosphogluconic acid
-1.09①
-1.10①
-1.33①
1.34①
1.55①
-10.00①
D-glycero-1-phosphate
1.45
1.95①
2.03①
-1.35①
-1.37
-1.69①
Glucose-1-phosphate
1.05
0.85
1.42①
1.31
1.22
-2.63①
-1.25①
-1.29①
-1.31①
β-glycerophosphate
-1.33①
1.00
-1.56①
Ethanolamine phosphate
1.21
-1.67
-1.96①
Phosphoenolpyruvate
1.54①
1.32
-1.56①
TCA cycle-lipid metabolism
Linolenic acid
Bifidobacterium[+]
Lactobacillus[+-]
1.04
-1.53①
-1.52①
Docosanoic acid
1.32
3.29①
1.92①
13-docosenoic acid
1.43
1.80①
2.27①
1-monostearoylglycerol
-1.30
1.01
1.53①
Note: Fold change (Fc) is the ratio of the mean value for measured fecal samples obtained from each rhubarb-dosed group to the mean value for the control samples obtained from the control group. Fc (>0) indicates a relatively higher concentration present in rhubarb-dosed group compared to the control group, whereas a value of Fc (<0) means a relatively lower concentration. The value of Fc1 is obtained from the low-dosed group and the control group. The value of Fc2 is obtained from the mid-dosed group and the control group. The value of Fc3 is obtained from the high-dosed group and the control group. ①P<0.05. [+] indicates a promoting effect on the growth of intestinal bacteria; [-] indicates an inhibiting effect on the growth of intestinal bacteria; [+-] indicates the effect on the growth of bacteria was first promotion and then inhibition.
Note: A. Serum.B. Colon. C. Fecal. Red indicates a relatively higher concentration present in the rhubarb-dosed group compared to the control group, whereas blue means a relatively lower concentration.
Fig 4
Schematic diagram of metabolic pathway analysis
The study was designed and the experiment was conducted by GAO Yu and YIN Shan. The data was summarized and the manuscript was drafted by GAO Yu,PANG Yue, LIANG Wenyi and LIU Yumin. LIU Yumin guides the paper writing and revision throughout the process. All the authors have read the last version of paper and consented for submission.
利益冲突声明
所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。
COMPETING INTERESTS
All authors disclose no relevant conflict of interests.
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