上海交通大学学报(医学版), 2023, 43(1): 44-51 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2023.01.006

论著 · 临床研究

生命早期环境因素暴露与儿童哮喘关系的病例对照研究

邓云天,1, 熊文魁1, 朱芮1, 刘恩梅2,3, 李雪梅,4, 钟朝晖,5

1.重庆医科大学第一临床学院,重庆 400016

2.重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科,重庆 400014

3.国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心,儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室,儿科学重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400014

4.重庆市妇幼保健院/重庆医科大学附属妇女儿童医院儿科门诊,重庆 401147

5.重庆医科大学公共卫生与管理学院,医学与社会发展研究中心,健康领域社会风险预测治理协同创新中心,重庆 400016

A case-control study of the relationship between early-life environmental exposure and childhood asthma

DENG Yuntian,1, XIONG Wenkui1, ZHU Rui1, LIU Enmei2,3, LI Xuemei,4, ZHONG Zhaohui,5

1.The First Clinical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China

2.Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China

3.National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China

4.Pediatric Outpatient, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children/Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, China

5.School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China

通讯作者: 李雪梅,电子信箱:981342321@qq.com钟朝晖,电子信箱:100144@cqmu.edu.cn

编委: 包玲

收稿日期: 2022-08-18   接受日期: 2022-10-18   网络出版日期: 2023-01-28

基金资助: 重庆市卫生健康委员会、重庆市科技局联合项目.  2019ZDXM017
重庆医科大学大学生科学研究与创新实验项目.  SRIEP202107

Corresponding authors: LI Xuemei, E-mail:981342321@qq.comZHONG Zhaohui, E-mail:100144@cqmu.edu.cn.

Received: 2022-08-18   Accepted: 2022-10-18   Online: 2023-01-28

作者简介 About authors

邓云天(2000—),男,本科生;电子信箱:dyt0307@hotmail.com。 E-mail:dyt0307@hotmail.com

摘要

目的·探讨重庆地区儿童生命早期环境因素暴露对其自身哮喘发病的潜在影响。方法·采用病例对照设计,纳入2020年9月—2022年1月在重庆市2所三级甲等儿童专科医院呼吸科门诊就诊的哮喘患儿作为病例组,将同期在儿童保健科健康体检门诊就诊的无哮喘史的健康儿童作为对照组。纳入的儿童自出生以来均居住于重庆市范围内,且3岁前的家庭居住地址未发生改变。研究采用自行研制的儿童生命早期环境因素暴露调查问卷,收集2组儿童的个人基本信息、家庭情况、儿童健康状况及出生情况、出生后至3岁的家庭室内环境(烟草烟雾暴露、卧室霉点霉斑暴露、蟑螂暴露、卧室清洁频率、空调及空气净化器使用情况、装修情况)等信息。根据儿童出生前至3岁的家庭地址信息,基于高时空分辨率模型,估计每位儿童出生前至3岁的每年细颗粒物(particular matter 2.5,PM2.5)暴露水平。运用单因素和多因素Logistic回归模型分析可能影响儿童哮喘发病的早期环境暴露因素。将单因素分析有统计学意义或有临床意义的危险因素纳入多因素模型。结果·病例组纳入患儿220例,对照组纳入健康儿童636例,平均年龄分别为(7.4±2.1)岁和(7.6±2.1)岁。2组儿童年龄、性别、胎龄、出生体质量、母亲分娩方式、家庭人口数、家庭年收入、母亲受教育年限和人均生活空间的差异均无统计学意义。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,生命早期儿童卧室霉斑霉点(OR=2.155,95%CI 1.304~3.559,P=0.003)、卧室蟑螂暴露(OR=1.830,95%CI 1.287~2.601,P=0.001)、卧室空调使用(OR=2.328,95%CI 1.098~4.937,P=0.028)、二手烟暴露(OR=1.762,95%CI 1.272~2.440,P=0.001)以及儿童1岁时环境中PM2.5暴露(OR=1.063,95%CI 1.034~1.093,P=0.000)会增加儿童哮喘的发病风险;每日开启空气净化器(OR=0.416,95%CI 0.213~0.812,P=0.010)可以降低儿童哮喘的发病风险。结论·生命早期环境因素暴露对儿童哮喘发病具有重要意义。儿童生命早期卧室内霉斑霉点暴露、蟑螂暴露,以及被动吸烟、不合理使用空调以及儿童出生后第1年环境PM2.5的长期暴露与儿童哮喘的发病相关。

关键词: 哮喘 ; 儿童 ; 生命早期 ; 环境 ; 细颗粒物(PM2.5

Abstract

Objective ·To explore the potential impact of early-life environmental exposure on childhood asthma in Chongqing, China. Methods ·A case-control study was designed. The cases with asthma diagnosis were enrolled from outpatients of the respiratory medicine departments and the healthy children without history of asthma were enrolled from health check-up clinics of the child health care departments in two tertiary children's hospitals in Chongqing from September 2020 to January 2022. The children in the two groups had all lived in Chongqing since birth and their home addresses had not changed before they were 3 years old. A self-developed “Children's Early-Life Environment Survey” was used to collect general personal data, family information, child health status, birth history, and indoor environment from birth to 3 years old (second-hand smoke, dampness and mold points in bedroom, seen cockroaches in bedroom, bedroom cleaning frequency, air conditioning and air purifier use, and decoration). Based on the home address information before 3 years old, annual particular matter 2.5 (PM2.5) exposure levels were estimated by using a high spatiotemporal resolution model. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression models were used to analyze the early-life environmental factors affecting the development of childhood asthma. The risk factors which were statistically significant in univariate Logistic regression or had clinical significance were included in the multivariate model. Results ·A total of 220 asthma cases and 636 healthy control children were enrolled. The mean age of the asthma cases and the controls were (7.4±2.1) and (7.6±2.1) years old, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in age, gender, gestational age, birth weight, mode of delivery, family size, annual family income, maternal education level and living space per person. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that early-life bedroom dampness and mold exposure [odds ratio (OR)=2.155, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.304‒3.559, P=0.003], bedroom cockroach exposure (OR=1.830, 95%CI 1.287‒2.601, P=0.001), bedroom air conditioner use (OR=2.328, 95%CI 1.098‒4.937, P=0.028), second-hand smoke exposure (OR=1.762, 95%CI 1.272‒2.440, P=0.001), and long term exposure to PM2.5 at one year old (OR=1.063, 95%CI 1.034‒1.093, P=0.000) increased the risk of childhood asthma. Daily use of air purifier (OR=0.416, 95%CI 0.213‒0.812, P=0.010) could reduce the risk of childhood asthma. Conclusion ·Early-life environmental exposure is of great significance for the development of childhood asthma. Early-life bedroom dampness and mold exposure, cockroach exposure, second-hand smoke, incorrect use of air conditioner, and long-term exposure of children to PM2.5 in the first year after birth are independent risk factors for the development of childhood asthma.

Keywords: asthma ; child ; early-life ; environment ; particular matter 2.5 (PM2.5)

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本文引用格式

邓云天, 熊文魁, 朱芮, 刘恩梅, 李雪梅, 钟朝晖. 生命早期环境因素暴露与儿童哮喘关系的病例对照研究. 上海交通大学学报(医学版)[J], 2023, 43(1): 44-51 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2023.01.006

DENG Yuntian, XIONG Wenkui, ZHU Rui, LIU Enmei, LI Xuemei, ZHONG Zhaohui. A case-control study of the relationship between early-life environmental exposure and childhood asthma. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Medical Science)[J], 2023, 43(1): 44-51 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2023.01.006

哮喘是儿童最常见的一种慢性呼吸系统疾病,影响了全球约14%的儿童1。在中国,特别是城市地区,14岁以下儿童哮喘的患病率在近30年逐步上升2。儿童生命早期是呼吸系统发育的关键时期,同样也是哮喘发生发展的关键时期3。许多研究着眼于这一特殊时期,发现了一系列哮喘发生发展的潜在危险因素和保护因素,如抗生素的使用、过敏原暴露、微生物感染及母乳喂养等4-9。哮喘是遗传与环境因素共同作用的结果,哮喘患病率的快速上升不能仅通过遗传来解释,还需要考虑环境因素的影响10-12。近年来研究13发现,环境暴露与儿童哮喘的发生和发展密切相关。因此,识别儿童生命早期与哮喘发展相关的环境因素具有重要意义。随着科技进步和人类社会发展,环境问题尤其是颗粒污染物(particulate matter,PM)问题得到广泛关注。PM主要来源于交通、工业中的不完全燃烧等,其中细颗粒物(PM2.5,即空气动力学直径≤2.5 μm的颗粒物)可以进入细支气管并沉积于肺泡表面,导致哮喘的发生和发展14。尽管如此,由于地区环境差异和不同的人口学特征,哮喘与环境因素的关系研究在相关性或关联程度上都有一定的不同。本研究旨在探讨重庆地区儿童生命早期环境因素暴露对儿童哮喘发病的潜在影响。

1 对象与方法

1.1 研究对象

本研究按照病例对照研究设计,纳入2020年9月—2022年1月在重庆市2所三级甲等儿童专科医院呼吸科门诊就诊的哮喘患儿为病例组。纳入标准:① 年龄≥3岁且<14岁。② 由呼吸专科医师依据《儿童支气管哮喘诊断与防治指南(2016年版)》15的诊断标准诊断为哮喘。③ 从母亲怀孕到调查日一直生活在重庆。

本研究将同一时期上述2所医院儿童保健科健康体检门诊就诊的健康儿童纳入对照组。对照组纳入标准:① 年龄≥3岁且<14岁。② 从未被诊断为哮喘,并且过去12个月内没有出现哮喘症状(喘息、干咳、胸闷和气促)。③ 从母亲怀孕到调查日一直生活在重庆。

病例组与对照组的排除标准均为患有先天性心脏病、神经系统疾病和其他慢性疾病的儿童。

根据前期研究16结果,对照组环境因素暴露率约50%,病例组的比值比(odds ratio,OR)估计值为1.6,在效力80%及显著性水平0.05的情况下,计算得出病例组样本量为200例时,对照组应不低于488例。

1.2 研究工具

1.2.1 儿童生命早期环境因素暴露调查问卷

本研究自行研制儿童生命早期环境因素暴露调查问卷。该问卷基于儿童哮喘及其他过敏性疾病国际间对比研究(International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood,ISAAC)问卷17、美国胸科协会儿童呼吸系统健康量表18ATS-DLD-78-C(the Children's Questionnaire of the American Thoracic Society and the Division of Lung Diseases)以及建筑物潮湿与健康问卷(Dampness in Buildings and Health,DBH)19设计,并结合重庆地区实际情况进行删改。问卷内容包括患儿的基本信息和家庭情况(儿童年龄、性别、家庭同住人口数、家庭年收入水平、母亲的受教育年限、人均生活空间)、儿童健康状况及其出生情况[胎龄、出生体质量、分娩方式、既往患病史(哮喘、先天性心脏病、神经系统疾病和其他慢性疾病)]、儿童出生后至3岁的生命早期室内环境情况(烟草烟雾暴露及暴露水平、儿童卧室霉点霉斑暴露、儿童卧室内蟑螂暴露、儿童卧室清洁频率、儿童卧室空调使用、家庭空气净化器使用频率以及既往装修史)、家庭住址信息等资料。该问卷经过流行病学专家及儿童专科医师验证并已经在过往研究中使用16,Cronbach's α值为0.95,具有良好的代表性。

1.2.2 儿童生命早期PM2.5暴露模型

本研究应用多角度大气校正(multi-angle implementation of atmospheric correction,MAIAC)光谱算法得到气溶胶光学厚度(aerosol optical depth,AOD),并收集重庆地区空气质量监测网络每日PM2.5实测数据,实现对重庆地区历史PM2.5浓度的推断。在对人口密度、海拔、归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)、土地利用及气象参数(温度、湿度、风向、风速、能见度等)进行校正后,利用随机森林模型构建重庆地区日均PM2.5长期暴露评价模型,结合儿童出生前至3岁的家庭地址信息得到儿童个体生命早期PM2.5暴露水平数据。该方法基于高时空分辨率模型,可以更好地评估局部空间内PM2.5的变化水平,已被应用于其他PM2.5污染和人体健康的流行病学研究20-21

1.3 统计学分析

使用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计分析。正态分布的定量资料采用x¯±s进行统计描述,使用独立样本t检验比较组间差异;定性资料采用例数(百分比)进行统计描述,组间比较使用χ2检验。采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归进行影响因素分析,并将单因素分析结果中有统计学意义或有临床意义的危险因素纳入多因素模型。以α=0.05为检验标准,P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 研究对象基本情况

共纳入220例哮喘患儿及636例对照组儿童。如表1所示,2组儿童的年龄、性别、胎龄、出生体质量、分娩方式、家庭人口数、家庭年收入、母亲受教育年限和人均生活空间的差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。

表 1   哮喘组和对照组的一般资料比较

Tab 1  Comparison of general data between the asthma group and the control group

ItemAsthma (n=220)Control (n=636)χ2/t valueP value
Age7.4±2.17.6±2.11.2990.194
Gender/n (%)0.2160.642
Male114 (51.8)318 (50.0)
Female106 (48.2)318 (50.0)
Gestational age/n (%)0.5200.771
<37 weeks8 (3.6)23 (3.6)
≥37 weeks and ≤42 weeks210 (95.5)603 (94.8)
>42 weeks2 (0.9)10 (1.6)
Birth weight/n (%)5.8960.117
<1 500 g2 (0.9)7 (1.1)
≥1 500 g and <2 500 g24 (10.9)53 (8.3)
≥2 500 g and <4 000 g185 (84.1)521 (81.9)
≥4 000 g9 (4.1)55 (8.6)
Delivery mode/n (%)0.1000.951
Vaginal delivery91 (41.4)265 (41.7)
Assisted delivery3 (1.4)7 (1.1)
Caesarean delivery126 (57.3)364 (57.2)
Family size/n (%)4.3390.114
2‒3 people105 (47.7)254 (39.9)
4‒5 people97 (44.1)314 (49.4)
≥6 people18 (8.2)68 (10.7)
Maternal education level/n (%)4.5800.205
≤9 years14 (6.4)33 (5.2)
10‒12 years28 (12.7)66 (10.4)
13‒16 years165 (75.0)472 (74.2)
≥17 years13 (5.9)65 (10.2)
Household annual income/n (%)8.2180.084
<100 000 yuan36 (16.4)98 (15.4)
≥100 000 yuan and <150 000 yuan47 (21.4)116 (18.2)
≥150 000 yuan and <200 000 yuan50 (22.7)130 (20.4)
≥200 000 yuan and <400 000 yuan62 (28.2)166 (26.1)
≥400 000 yuan25 (11.4)126 (19.8)
Living space per person/n (%)3.7940.285
<10 m26 (2.7)10 (1.6)
≥10 m2 and <20 m238 (17.3)84 (13.2)
≥20 m2 and <40 m269 (31.4)223 (35.1)
≥40 m2107 (48.6)319 (50.2)

Note:Family size was defined as people who lived at home regularly or for more than 6 months throughout the year.

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2.2 生命早期环境因素对儿童哮喘影响的单因素Logistic回归分析

生命早期室内环境因素暴露与儿童哮喘的单因素Logistic回归(表2)分析发现:接触二手烟会增加儿童哮喘的患病风险,并且随着暴露量的增大,儿童哮喘风险增加(均P<0.05);儿童卧室空调使用、儿童卧室霉斑霉点、儿童卧室内蟑螂暴露以及家庭装修同样增加儿童哮喘风险(均P<0.05)。

表 2   重庆地区哮喘儿童生命早期室内环境暴露的单因素Logistic回归分析

Tab 2  Univariate Logistic regression of early-life in-door environment exposure for childhood asthma in Chongqing

Exposure itemAsthma (n=220)Control (n=636)OR (95%CIP value
Family second-hand smoke exposure/n (%)122 (55.5)251 (39.5)1.910 (1.401‒2.603)0.000
Second-hand smoke exposure level/n (%)
0 cig per day98 (44.5)385 (60.5)Reference
≥1 cig per day and <5 cig per day52 (23.6)120 (18.9)1.702 (1.148‒2.524)0.008
≥5 cig per day and <10 cig per day30 (13.6)61 (9.6)1.932 (1.184‒3.154)0.008
≥10 cig per day and <20 cig per day31 (14.1)62 (9.7)1.964 (1.210‒3.190)0.006
≥20 cig per day9 (4.1)8 (1.3)4.420 (1.662‒11.751)0.003
Bedroom air conditioner use/n (%)211 (95.9)575 (90.4)2.487 (1.214‒5.097)0.013
Dampness and mold points in bedroom/n (%)37 (16.8)47 (7.0)2.689 (1.695‒4.264)0.000
Seen cockroaches in bedroom/n (%)84 (38.2)145 (21.6)2.245 (1.617‒3.117)0.000
Room cleaning frequency/n (%)
6‒7 times per week95 (43.2)359 (53.4)Reference
3‒5 times per week114 (51.8)294 (43.8)1.469 (1.071‒2.015)0.017
<3 times per week11 (5.0)19 (2.8)2.271 (1.064‒4.846)0.034
Air purifier using frequency/n (%)
Never164 (74.5)435 (64.7)Reference
Only haze days44 (20.0)171 (25.5)0.691 (0.473‒1.010)0.056
Every day12 (5.5)66 (9.8)0.471 (0.248‒0.896)0.022
Home interior decoration/n (%)32 (14.5)64 (9.5)1.617 (1.026‒2.548)0.038

Note:OR—odds ratio; CI—confidence interval; cig—cigarette.

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家庭定期清洁是儿童哮喘的保护因素,与经常清洁(6~7次/周)相比,清洁频率较低的组别哮喘发病风险增加(均P<0.05)。空气净化器的使用同样可以降低儿童哮喘的发病风险,相较于不使用空气净化器,每日使用空气净化器是儿童哮喘的保护因素(P=0.022)。

哮喘患儿1岁时PM2.5暴露水平为(57.71±8.96)μg/m3,对照组为(56.16±9.81)μg/m3,PM2.5暴露水平高增加儿童哮喘的发病风险(OR=1.017,95%CI 1.001~1.034,P=0.040),提示生命早期的PM2.5暴露可能是儿童哮喘发病的潜在危险因素(表3)。

表 3   重庆地区儿童生命早期PM2.5 暴露水平的单因素Logistic回归分析

Tab 3  Univariate Logistic regression analysis of PM2.5 exposure in early-life of children in Chongqing

Exposure itemAsthma (n=220)Control (n=636)OR (95%CIP value
PM2.5 in utero/(μg·m-361.02±10.8660.08±10.631.008 (0.994‒1.023)0.262
PM2.5 at age 1/(μg·m-357.71±8.9656.16±9.811.017 (1.001‒1.034)0.040
PM2.5 at age 2/(μg·m-352.78±10.1351.51±11.271.010 (0.996‒1.025)0.144
PM2.5 at age 3/(μg·m-348.36±9.6746.94±10.451.013 (0.998‒1.029)0.079

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2.3 生命早期环境因素暴露对儿童哮喘影响的多因素Logistic回归分析

多因素分析(表4)发现,生命早期儿童卧室霉斑霉点、卧室蟑螂暴露、卧室空调使用、二手烟暴露以及儿童1岁时PM2.5暴露会增加儿童哮喘的发病风险(均P<0.05);每日开启空气净化器可以降低儿童哮喘的发病风险(均P<0.05)。

表 4   生命早期环境因素暴露与儿童哮喘的多因素Logistic回归分析

Tab 4  Multivariate Logistic regression of early-life environment exposure for childhood asthma

ItemOR95%CIP value
Dampness and mold points in bedroom2.1551.304‒3.5590.003
Seen cockroaches in bedroom1.8301.287‒2.6010.001
Bedroom air conditioner use2.3281.098‒4.9370.028
Air purifier using frequency
NeverReference
Only haze days0.6730.451‒1.0050.053
Every day0.4160.213‒0.8120.010
Family second-hand smoke exposure1.7621.272‒2.4400.001
PM2.5 exposure at age 11.0631.034‒1.0930.000
Home interior decoration2.0820.946‒4.5810.068

Note: Adjusted for age and gender.

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3 讨论

本研究采用病例对照设计,探讨了重庆地区≥3岁且<14岁儿童生命早期环境因素暴露与哮喘之间的关系。研究结果发现生命早期环境因素暴露与儿童哮喘的发病存在一定关联,儿童生命早期的二手烟暴露、卧室空调使用、卧室霉斑霉点暴露、卧室蟑螂暴露、家庭装修以及出生后第1年PM2.5暴露可增加儿童哮喘的风险,而生命早期频繁的卧室清洁和使用空气净化器可以降低儿童哮喘的风险。

本研究发现儿童生命早期二手烟暴露与儿童哮喘之间存在关联,与先前的研究22一致。烟草烟雾暴露常被视为家庭环境污染物的重要来源,并与儿童哮喘关系密切。烟草烟雾中存在大量颗粒污染物、气态污染物以及其他有机物,可对儿童呼吸系统结构与功能的发育产生不良影响,并导致儿童脆弱的呼吸系统受损23。对哮喘疾病而言,烟草烟雾暴露的潜在影响机制主要包括气道重塑、对过敏原的先天免疫反应改变和表观遗传修饰等24-25,在儿童期可表现为喘息症状增加、肺功能下降并促进气道高反应性的发生26。根据上海市的一项调查27显示,家庭吸烟者主要为父亲、祖父以及外祖父。重庆地区的一项研究28显示,43.61%的被调查孕妇的丈夫是吸烟者。本研究发现,55.5%的哮喘儿童在生命早期曾有家庭二手烟暴露情况。虽然重庆地区目前室内公共场所已禁止吸烟,但由于儿童生命早期的大部分时间在家庭室内度过,因此儿童仍然有较高的暴露在烟草烟雾污染环境中的风险,倡导家庭成员尽早戒烟仍然十分重要。

除烟草烟雾暴露外,大气颗粒物浓度增加也可导致儿童颗粒物暴露水平上升29。短期及长期环境颗粒污染物暴露都可对儿童哮喘产生不良影响30。PM2.5相对于PM10而言,空气动力学直径更小,易于沉积在肺部而对儿童造成更大的影响。此次新修订的《室内空气质量标准》首次将PM2.5纳入检测指标,并于2023年正式实施31。PM2.5主要来源于燃料燃烧、工业排放以及机动车使用32。国内外研究33-36普遍发现,短期暴露于PM2.5可以导致儿童哮喘的门急诊就诊及住院风险增加;而对于PM2.5的长期暴露而言,即使较低的PM2.5暴露水平也与哮喘之间存在明显关联性37。PIAMA(prevention and incidence of asthma and mite allergy)出生队列的研究38-39显示,早期环境颗粒物污染暴露会导致哮喘的发病风险增加,提示大气环境污染物可能导致儿童颗粒污染物接触水平上升,进而导致哮喘。本研究中,我们使用卫星反演技术获得高精度、高时空分辨率的儿童生命早期PM2.5暴露水平数据,为我国西南地区的儿童颗粒物暴露水平提供一定参考。值得注意的是,细颗粒污染物的组分在国家之间或者国内各地区之间存在一定的区域差异,因此在密切检测不同直径细颗粒污染物浓度的同时,仍需对不同地区的细颗粒污染物成分变化进行监测,以便更好地了解其对于儿童健康所造成的潜在影响。

本研究发现生命早期卧室霉菌暴露与儿童哮喘有关,与既往重庆地区的一项横断面研究40结果一致,提示儿童哮喘和家庭内霉菌之间存在显著关联,并与早期居住环境霉菌暴露的关联最强。其他几项研究41-44也发现,早期居住环境潮湿或者有霉菌暴露的儿童有更高的概率发生过敏和气道疾病。在室内潮湿环境下,许多霉菌类群的绝对浓度增加,导致儿童霉菌暴露风险上升,而且潮湿环境与霉菌会减少哮喘疾病的保护性细菌数量,从而诱发哮喘45-47。重庆由于特殊的地理位置和气象条件,全年相对湿度都处于较高水平48,导致重庆地区儿童暴露于霉菌霉斑的风险进一步升高。

装修会导致环境空气质量严重下降,装修材料(如油漆)可以释放出甲醛、苯等有机污染物,刺激儿童呼吸系统并诱发哮喘症状的出现。一项太原市的研究49发现,母亲孕期购置新家具可增加儿童哮喘症状。一项横断面研究50同样显示,新的硬木地板和新的壁纸会导致儿童哮喘发病风险增加。2019年重庆地区的一项基于家长报告的横断面调查51则显示,在儿童生命早期添置家具会增加儿童湿疹和鼻炎的风险。以上研究结果均提示,家长应当重视儿童生命早期装修及添置新家具导致的居住环境内空气环境质量下降问题,从而避免儿童哮喘发病。

空气净化器的规律使用可以有效去除空气中的颗粒污染物、气态污染物以及微生物,保持居住环境内空气质量,有助于防止哮喘的发生和发展。空调可以帮助调节居住环境的温度和空气湿度,理论上同样可以帮助儿童哮喘的控制;然而,如果不对空调滤网进行定期清洗,室内空气中的污染物(如霉菌、孢子等)会沉积于空调滤网中并大量繁殖,反而增加环境中空气污染物52,进一步导致哮喘的发生和发展53。因此,家长需要注意定期清洁家中空调和空气净化器的过滤装置,以使其发挥应有的作用。

本研究选取重庆市哮喘患儿与健康儿童为研究对象,对儿童生命早期家庭环境暴露因素进行调查,并利用PM2.5暴露模型精确计算局部空间内儿童生命早期PM2.5长期暴露水平。研究将家庭室内不良环境与室外环境污染物暴露相结合,探讨了儿童生命早期室内外环境因素暴露对其自身哮喘发病风险的影响。但研究也存在一定的局限性。首先,我们使用问卷来收集儿童生命早期环境因素暴露信息,可能会存在回忆偏倚。其次,本研究重点围绕环境暴露因素展开,未将患儿及父母过敏史、母亲孕期抗生素的使用、儿童生活作息、心理健康等因素纳入分析中,同时也未能收集患儿3岁后的环境暴露因素。未来我们希望可以开展前瞻性研究进一步探索这些因素与儿童哮喘之间的关系。

综上所述,本研究发现,生命早期环境暴露对重庆地区儿童哮喘的发病有重要影响。生命早期的二手烟暴露、卧室霉斑霉点暴露、蟑螂暴露、空调使用以及出生后第1年的PM2.5暴露可能会增加儿童哮喘的发病风险。未来开展多中心、大样本、长期的哮喘儿童室内环境及室外污染物暴露的评估,可更准确地反映环境因素暴露对儿童哮喘发病的影响。此外,可以通过开展前瞻性研究对生命早期环境因素进行干预,建立以家庭为基础的综合环境干预策略,从而降低儿童哮喘发病,减轻疾病负担。

作者贡献声明

邓云天负责数据分析和论文撰写,参与研究设计和研究对象招募;熊文魁参与数据整理和数据统计;刘恩梅和朱芮参与结果分析与研究对象招募;李雪梅和钟朝晖负责研究设计与论文修改。所有作者均阅读并同意最终稿件的提交。

DENG Yuntian performed the statistical analysis and drafted the manuscript, contributing to the study design and participants recruitment. XIONG Wenkui participated in data collation and data statistics. LIU Enmei and ZHU Rui were involved in the result analysis and participants recruitment. LI Xuemei and ZHONG Zhaohui were responsible for the study design and revised the manuscript. All the authors have read the last version of paper and consented for submission.

利益冲突声明

所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。

All authors disclose no relevant conflict of interests.

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