
上海交通大学学报(医学版) ›› 2023, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (1): 44-51.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2023.01.006
邓云天1(
), 熊文魁1, 朱芮1, 刘恩梅2,3, 李雪梅4(
), 钟朝晖5(
)
收稿日期:2022-08-18
接受日期:2022-10-18
出版日期:2023-01-28
发布日期:2023-01-28
通讯作者:
钟朝晖,电子信箱:100144@cqmu.edu.cn。作者简介:邓云天(2000—),男,本科生;电子信箱:dyt0307@hotmail.com。
基金资助:
DENG Yuntian1(
), XIONG Wenkui1, ZHU Rui1, LIU Enmei2,3, LI Xuemei4(
), ZHONG Zhaohui5(
)
Received:2022-08-18
Accepted:2022-10-18
Online:2023-01-28
Published:2023-01-28
Contact:
ZHONG Zhaohui, E-mail: 100144@cqmu.edu.cn.Supported by:摘要:
目的·探讨重庆地区儿童生命早期环境因素暴露对其自身哮喘发病的潜在影响。方法·采用病例对照设计,纳入2020年9月—2022年1月在重庆市2所三级甲等儿童专科医院呼吸科门诊就诊的哮喘患儿作为病例组,将同期在儿童保健科健康体检门诊就诊的无哮喘史的健康儿童作为对照组。纳入的儿童自出生以来均居住于重庆市范围内,且3岁前的家庭居住地址未发生改变。研究采用自行研制的儿童生命早期环境因素暴露调查问卷,收集2组儿童的个人基本信息、家庭情况、儿童健康状况及出生情况、出生后至3岁的家庭室内环境(烟草烟雾暴露、卧室霉点霉斑暴露、蟑螂暴露、卧室清洁频率、空调及空气净化器使用情况、装修情况)等信息。根据儿童出生前至3岁的家庭地址信息,基于高时空分辨率模型,估计每位儿童出生前至3岁的每年细颗粒物(particular matter 2.5,PM2.5)暴露水平。运用单因素和多因素Logistic回归模型分析可能影响儿童哮喘发病的早期环境暴露因素。将单因素分析有统计学意义或有临床意义的危险因素纳入多因素模型。结果·病例组纳入患儿220例,对照组纳入健康儿童636例,平均年龄分别为(7.4±2.1)岁和(7.6±2.1)岁。2组儿童年龄、性别、胎龄、出生体质量、母亲分娩方式、家庭人口数、家庭年收入、母亲受教育年限和人均生活空间的差异均无统计学意义。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,生命早期儿童卧室霉斑霉点(OR=2.155,95%CI 1.304~3.559,P=0.003)、卧室蟑螂暴露(OR=1.830,95%CI 1.287~2.601,P=0.001)、卧室空调使用(OR=2.328,95%CI 1.098~4.937,P=0.028)、二手烟暴露(OR=1.762,95%CI 1.272~2.440,P=0.001)以及儿童1岁时环境中PM2.5暴露(OR=1.063,95%CI 1.034~1.093,P=0.000)会增加儿童哮喘的发病风险;每日开启空气净化器(OR=0.416,95%CI 0.213~0.812,P=0.010)可以降低儿童哮喘的发病风险。结论·生命早期环境因素暴露对儿童哮喘发病具有重要意义。儿童生命早期卧室内霉斑霉点暴露、蟑螂暴露,以及被动吸烟、不合理使用空调以及儿童出生后第1年环境PM2.5的长期暴露与儿童哮喘的发病相关。
中图分类号:
邓云天, 熊文魁, 朱芮, 刘恩梅, 李雪梅, 钟朝晖. 生命早期环境因素暴露与儿童哮喘关系的病例对照研究[J]. 上海交通大学学报(医学版), 2023, 43(1): 44-51.
DENG Yuntian, XIONG Wenkui, ZHU Rui, LIU Enmei, LI Xuemei, ZHONG Zhaohui. A case-control study of the relationship between early-life environmental exposure and childhood asthma[J]. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Medical Science), 2023, 43(1): 44-51.
| Item | Asthma (n=220) | Control (n=636) | χ2/t value | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 7.4±2.1 | 7.6±2.1 | 1.299 | 0.194 |
| Gender/n (%) | 0.216 | 0.642 | ||
| Male | 114 (51.8) | 318 (50.0) | ||
| Female | 106 (48.2) | 318 (50.0) | ||
| Gestational age/n (%) | 0.520 | 0.771 | ||
| <37 weeks | 8 (3.6) | 23 (3.6) | ||
| ≥37 weeks and ≤42 weeks | 210 (95.5) | 603 (94.8) | ||
| >42 weeks | 2 (0.9) | 10 (1.6) | ||
| Birth weight/n (%) | 5.896 | 0.117 | ||
| <1 500 g | 2 (0.9) | 7 (1.1) | ||
| ≥1 500 g and <2 500 g | 24 (10.9) | 53 (8.3) | ||
| ≥2 500 g and <4 000 g | 185 (84.1) | 521 (81.9) | ||
| ≥4 000 g | 9 (4.1) | 55 (8.6) | ||
| Delivery mode/n (%) | 0.100 | 0.951 | ||
| Vaginal delivery | 91 (41.4) | 265 (41.7) | ||
| Assisted delivery | 3 (1.4) | 7 (1.1) | ||
| Caesarean delivery | 126 (57.3) | 364 (57.2) | ||
| Family size①/n (%) | 4.339 | 0.114 | ||
| 2‒3 people | 105 (47.7) | 254 (39.9) | ||
| 4‒5 people | 97 (44.1) | 314 (49.4) | ||
| ≥6 people | 18 (8.2) | 68 (10.7) | ||
| Maternal education level/n (%) | 4.580 | 0.205 | ||
| ≤9 years | 14 (6.4) | 33 (5.2) | ||
| 10‒12 years | 28 (12.7) | 66 (10.4) | ||
| 13‒16 years | 165 (75.0) | 472 (74.2) | ||
| ≥17 years | 13 (5.9) | 65 (10.2) | ||
| Household annual income/n (%) | 8.218 | 0.084 | ||
| <100 000 yuan | 36 (16.4) | 98 (15.4) | ||
| ≥100 000 yuan and <150 000 yuan | 47 (21.4) | 116 (18.2) | ||
| ≥150 000 yuan and <200 000 yuan | 50 (22.7) | 130 (20.4) | ||
| ≥200 000 yuan and <400 000 yuan | 62 (28.2) | 166 (26.1) | ||
| ≥400 000 yuan | 25 (11.4) | 126 (19.8) | ||
| Living space per person/n (%) | 3.794 | 0.285 | ||
| <10 m2 | 6 (2.7) | 10 (1.6) | ||
| ≥10 m2 and <20 m2 | 38 (17.3) | 84 (13.2) | ||
| ≥20 m2 and <40 m2 | 69 (31.4) | 223 (35.1) | ||
| ≥40 m2 | 107 (48.6) | 319 (50.2) |
表 1 哮喘组和对照组的一般资料比较
Tab 1 Comparison of general data between the asthma group and the control group
| Item | Asthma (n=220) | Control (n=636) | χ2/t value | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 7.4±2.1 | 7.6±2.1 | 1.299 | 0.194 |
| Gender/n (%) | 0.216 | 0.642 | ||
| Male | 114 (51.8) | 318 (50.0) | ||
| Female | 106 (48.2) | 318 (50.0) | ||
| Gestational age/n (%) | 0.520 | 0.771 | ||
| <37 weeks | 8 (3.6) | 23 (3.6) | ||
| ≥37 weeks and ≤42 weeks | 210 (95.5) | 603 (94.8) | ||
| >42 weeks | 2 (0.9) | 10 (1.6) | ||
| Birth weight/n (%) | 5.896 | 0.117 | ||
| <1 500 g | 2 (0.9) | 7 (1.1) | ||
| ≥1 500 g and <2 500 g | 24 (10.9) | 53 (8.3) | ||
| ≥2 500 g and <4 000 g | 185 (84.1) | 521 (81.9) | ||
| ≥4 000 g | 9 (4.1) | 55 (8.6) | ||
| Delivery mode/n (%) | 0.100 | 0.951 | ||
| Vaginal delivery | 91 (41.4) | 265 (41.7) | ||
| Assisted delivery | 3 (1.4) | 7 (1.1) | ||
| Caesarean delivery | 126 (57.3) | 364 (57.2) | ||
| Family size①/n (%) | 4.339 | 0.114 | ||
| 2‒3 people | 105 (47.7) | 254 (39.9) | ||
| 4‒5 people | 97 (44.1) | 314 (49.4) | ||
| ≥6 people | 18 (8.2) | 68 (10.7) | ||
| Maternal education level/n (%) | 4.580 | 0.205 | ||
| ≤9 years | 14 (6.4) | 33 (5.2) | ||
| 10‒12 years | 28 (12.7) | 66 (10.4) | ||
| 13‒16 years | 165 (75.0) | 472 (74.2) | ||
| ≥17 years | 13 (5.9) | 65 (10.2) | ||
| Household annual income/n (%) | 8.218 | 0.084 | ||
| <100 000 yuan | 36 (16.4) | 98 (15.4) | ||
| ≥100 000 yuan and <150 000 yuan | 47 (21.4) | 116 (18.2) | ||
| ≥150 000 yuan and <200 000 yuan | 50 (22.7) | 130 (20.4) | ||
| ≥200 000 yuan and <400 000 yuan | 62 (28.2) | 166 (26.1) | ||
| ≥400 000 yuan | 25 (11.4) | 126 (19.8) | ||
| Living space per person/n (%) | 3.794 | 0.285 | ||
| <10 m2 | 6 (2.7) | 10 (1.6) | ||
| ≥10 m2 and <20 m2 | 38 (17.3) | 84 (13.2) | ||
| ≥20 m2 and <40 m2 | 69 (31.4) | 223 (35.1) | ||
| ≥40 m2 | 107 (48.6) | 319 (50.2) |
| Exposure item | Asthma (n=220) | Control (n=636) | OR (95%CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Family second-hand smoke exposure/n (%) | 122 (55.5) | 251 (39.5) | 1.910 (1.401‒2.603) | 0.000 |
| Second-hand smoke exposure level/n (%) | ||||
| 0 cig per day | 98 (44.5) | 385 (60.5) | Reference | ‒ |
| ≥1 cig per day and <5 cig per day | 52 (23.6) | 120 (18.9) | 1.702 (1.148‒2.524) | 0.008 |
| ≥5 cig per day and <10 cig per day | 30 (13.6) | 61 (9.6) | 1.932 (1.184‒3.154) | 0.008 |
| ≥10 cig per day and <20 cig per day | 31 (14.1) | 62 (9.7) | 1.964 (1.210‒3.190) | 0.006 |
| ≥20 cig per day | 9 (4.1) | 8 (1.3) | 4.420 (1.662‒11.751) | 0.003 |
| Bedroom air conditioner use/n (%) | 211 (95.9) | 575 (90.4) | 2.487 (1.214‒5.097) | 0.013 |
| Dampness and mold points in bedroom/n (%) | 37 (16.8) | 47 (7.0) | 2.689 (1.695‒4.264) | 0.000 |
| Seen cockroaches in bedroom/n (%) | 84 (38.2) | 145 (21.6) | 2.245 (1.617‒3.117) | 0.000 |
| Room cleaning frequency/n (%) | ||||
| 6‒7 times per week | 95 (43.2) | 359 (53.4) | Reference | ‒ |
| 3‒5 times per week | 114 (51.8) | 294 (43.8) | 1.469 (1.071‒2.015) | 0.017 |
| <3 times per week | 11 (5.0) | 19 (2.8) | 2.271 (1.064‒4.846) | 0.034 |
| Air purifier using frequency/n (%) | ||||
| Never | 164 (74.5) | 435 (64.7) | Reference | ‒ |
| Only haze days | 44 (20.0) | 171 (25.5) | 0.691 (0.473‒1.010) | 0.056 |
| Every day | 12 (5.5) | 66 (9.8) | 0.471 (0.248‒0.896) | 0.022 |
| Home interior decoration/n (%) | 32 (14.5) | 64 (9.5) | 1.617 (1.026‒2.548) | 0.038 |
表 2 重庆地区哮喘儿童生命早期室内环境暴露的单因素Logistic回归分析
Tab 2 Univariate Logistic regression of early-life in-door environment exposure for childhood asthma in Chongqing
| Exposure item | Asthma (n=220) | Control (n=636) | OR (95%CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Family second-hand smoke exposure/n (%) | 122 (55.5) | 251 (39.5) | 1.910 (1.401‒2.603) | 0.000 |
| Second-hand smoke exposure level/n (%) | ||||
| 0 cig per day | 98 (44.5) | 385 (60.5) | Reference | ‒ |
| ≥1 cig per day and <5 cig per day | 52 (23.6) | 120 (18.9) | 1.702 (1.148‒2.524) | 0.008 |
| ≥5 cig per day and <10 cig per day | 30 (13.6) | 61 (9.6) | 1.932 (1.184‒3.154) | 0.008 |
| ≥10 cig per day and <20 cig per day | 31 (14.1) | 62 (9.7) | 1.964 (1.210‒3.190) | 0.006 |
| ≥20 cig per day | 9 (4.1) | 8 (1.3) | 4.420 (1.662‒11.751) | 0.003 |
| Bedroom air conditioner use/n (%) | 211 (95.9) | 575 (90.4) | 2.487 (1.214‒5.097) | 0.013 |
| Dampness and mold points in bedroom/n (%) | 37 (16.8) | 47 (7.0) | 2.689 (1.695‒4.264) | 0.000 |
| Seen cockroaches in bedroom/n (%) | 84 (38.2) | 145 (21.6) | 2.245 (1.617‒3.117) | 0.000 |
| Room cleaning frequency/n (%) | ||||
| 6‒7 times per week | 95 (43.2) | 359 (53.4) | Reference | ‒ |
| 3‒5 times per week | 114 (51.8) | 294 (43.8) | 1.469 (1.071‒2.015) | 0.017 |
| <3 times per week | 11 (5.0) | 19 (2.8) | 2.271 (1.064‒4.846) | 0.034 |
| Air purifier using frequency/n (%) | ||||
| Never | 164 (74.5) | 435 (64.7) | Reference | ‒ |
| Only haze days | 44 (20.0) | 171 (25.5) | 0.691 (0.473‒1.010) | 0.056 |
| Every day | 12 (5.5) | 66 (9.8) | 0.471 (0.248‒0.896) | 0.022 |
| Home interior decoration/n (%) | 32 (14.5) | 64 (9.5) | 1.617 (1.026‒2.548) | 0.038 |
| Exposure item | Asthma (n=220) | Control (n=636) | OR (95%CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 in utero/(μg·m-3) | 61.02±10.86 | 60.08±10.63 | 1.008 (0.994‒1.023) | 0.262 |
| PM2.5 at age 1/(μg·m-3) | 57.71±8.96 | 56.16±9.81 | 1.017 (1.001‒1.034) | 0.040 |
| PM2.5 at age 2/(μg·m-3) | 52.78±10.13 | 51.51±11.27 | 1.010 (0.996‒1.025) | 0.144 |
| PM2.5 at age 3/(μg·m-3) | 48.36±9.67 | 46.94±10.45 | 1.013 (0.998‒1.029) | 0.079 |
表 3 重庆地区儿童生命早期PM2.5 暴露水平的单因素Logistic回归分析
Tab 3 Univariate Logistic regression analysis of PM2.5 exposure in early-life of children in Chongqing
| Exposure item | Asthma (n=220) | Control (n=636) | OR (95%CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 in utero/(μg·m-3) | 61.02±10.86 | 60.08±10.63 | 1.008 (0.994‒1.023) | 0.262 |
| PM2.5 at age 1/(μg·m-3) | 57.71±8.96 | 56.16±9.81 | 1.017 (1.001‒1.034) | 0.040 |
| PM2.5 at age 2/(μg·m-3) | 52.78±10.13 | 51.51±11.27 | 1.010 (0.996‒1.025) | 0.144 |
| PM2.5 at age 3/(μg·m-3) | 48.36±9.67 | 46.94±10.45 | 1.013 (0.998‒1.029) | 0.079 |
| Item | OR | 95%CI | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dampness and mold points in bedroom | 2.155 | 1.304‒3.559 | 0.003 |
| Seen cockroaches in bedroom | 1.830 | 1.287‒2.601 | 0.001 |
| Bedroom air conditioner use | 2.328 | 1.098‒4.937 | 0.028 |
| Air purifier using frequency | |||
| Never | Reference | ‒ | ‒ |
| Only haze days | 0.673 | 0.451‒1.005 | 0.053 |
| Every day | 0.416 | 0.213‒0.812 | 0.010 |
| Family second-hand smoke exposure | 1.762 | 1.272‒2.440 | 0.001 |
| PM2.5 exposure at age 1 | 1.063 | 1.034‒1.093 | 0.000 |
| Home interior decoration | 2.082 | 0.946‒4.581 | 0.068 |
表 4 生命早期环境因素暴露与儿童哮喘的多因素Logistic回归分析
Tab 4 Multivariate Logistic regression of early-life environment exposure for childhood asthma
| Item | OR | 95%CI | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dampness and mold points in bedroom | 2.155 | 1.304‒3.559 | 0.003 |
| Seen cockroaches in bedroom | 1.830 | 1.287‒2.601 | 0.001 |
| Bedroom air conditioner use | 2.328 | 1.098‒4.937 | 0.028 |
| Air purifier using frequency | |||
| Never | Reference | ‒ | ‒ |
| Only haze days | 0.673 | 0.451‒1.005 | 0.053 |
| Every day | 0.416 | 0.213‒0.812 | 0.010 |
| Family second-hand smoke exposure | 1.762 | 1.272‒2.440 | 0.001 |
| PM2.5 exposure at age 1 | 1.063 | 1.034‒1.093 | 0.000 |
| Home interior decoration | 2.082 | 0.946‒4.581 | 0.068 |
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