上海交通大学学报(医学版), 2023, 43(3): 320-332 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2023.03.008

论著 · 循证医学

放疗对行化疗和手术的直肠癌患者的效果分析:一项基于SEER数据库的回顾性研究

王安君,, 刘宁宁,

上海交通大学公共卫生学院,上海 200025

Efficacy of radiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer undergoing chemotherapy and surgery: a retrospective study based on the SEER database

WANG Anjun,, LIU Ningning,

Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Public Health, Shanghai 200025, China

通讯作者: 刘宁宁,电子信箱:liuningning@shsmu.edu.cn

编委: 瞿麟平

收稿日期: 2022-08-18   接受日期: 2022-12-09   网络出版日期: 2023-03-28

基金资助: 国家重点研发计划.  2020YFA0907200
国家自然科学基金.  31900129

Corresponding authors: LIU Ningning, E-mail:liuningning@shsmu.edu.cn.

Received: 2022-08-18   Accepted: 2022-12-09   Online: 2023-03-28

作者简介 About authors

王安君(1994—),女,硕士生;电子信箱:wanganjun@sjtu.edu.cn。 E-mail:wanganjun@sjtu.edu.cn

摘要

目的·利用美国癌症监测、流行病学和结果(Surveillance,Epidemiology and End Results,SEER)数据库评估新辅助放射治疗(放疗)和辅助放疗对行化学治疗(化疗)和手术的直肠癌患者生存的影响。方法·纳入SEER数据库2005—2015年经病理确诊为直肠癌,并接受化疗和手术治疗的患者;排除尸检或仅死亡证明为直肠癌、无随访时间和临床资料不全的患者。将所有患者分为新辅助放疗联合手术组(RT+S组)、手术治疗组(S组)和手术联合辅助放疗组(S+RT组)。采用倾向性评分匹配(propensity score matching,PSM)以1∶1的比例匹配各组纳入对象,采用受限平均生存时间(restricted mean survival time,RMST)估计直肠癌患者5年和10年内平均生存期,采用Cox比例风险模型确定新辅助放疗和辅助放疗对直肠癌患者总生存期(overall survival,OS)和肿瘤特异性生存期(cancer specific survival,CSS)的影响,通过对患者进行分层分析确定新辅助放疗和辅助放疗的具体获益人群。结果·2005—2015年,共纳入8 975例接受化疗和手术的直肠癌患者;其中S组1 079例,RT+S组5 991例,S+RT组1 905例。经PSM后,各组临床基础特征均衡可比。PSM后,与S组相比,RT+S组患者5年和10年的预后均显著改善(均P=0.000),而S+RT组患者仅5年预后显著改善(均P<0.05),10年预后改善不明显(均P>0.05)。多因素Cox回归分析结果显示,新辅助放疗是患者OS和CSS的独立保护因素(均P=0.000),而辅助放疗并不是(均P>0.05)。亚组分析显示:新辅助放疗对于年龄<50岁、肿瘤分化程度高、肿瘤直径≤30 mm或TNM分期Ⅰ~Ⅲ期患者OS和CSS没有明显的保护作用(均P>0.05);而辅助放疗对于肿瘤低分化/未分化、肿瘤直径>50 mm或TNM分期Ⅳ期的患者OS和CSS有明显的保护作用(均P<0.05)。结论·对于行化疗和手术的直肠癌患者,新辅助放疗有明显的生存获益,但可能不适用于年龄<50岁、肿瘤分化程度高、肿瘤直径≤30 mm或TNM分期Ⅰ~Ⅲ期的患者;而肿瘤低分化/未分化、肿瘤直径>50 mm或TNM分期Ⅳ期的患者可能从辅助放疗中获益。

关键词: 直肠癌 ; 新辅助放疗 ; 辅助放疗 ; SEER数据库 ; 预后

Abstract

Objective ·To evaluate the survival effects of neoadjuvant radiation therapy and adjuvant radiotherapy on the patients with rectal cancer treated with chemotherapy and surgery by using the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database of the United States. Methods ·The patients with pathologically confirmed rectal cancer and treated with chemotherapy and surgical resection from 2005 to 2015 in the SEER database were included; the patients with autopsy or death-only proof of rectal cancer, or without follow-up time and incomplete clinical data were excluded. All the patients were divided into neoadjuvant radiotherapy combined with surgery group (RT+S group), surgical treatment group (S group) and surgery combined with adjuvant radiotherapy group (S+RT group). The propensity score matching (PSM) was used to match the included subjects in each group at the 1∶1 ratio, and the restricted mean survival time (RMST) was used to estimate the mean survival of rectal cancer patients over 5 and 10 years. Cox proportional risk models were used to determine the effects of neoadjuvant and adjuvant radiotherapies on overall survival (OS) and tumor-specific survival (CSS) in the patients with rectal cancer, and the specific benefit groups of neoadjuvant and adjuvant radiotherapies were determined by stratified analysis of patients. Results ·From 2005 to 2015, 8 975 patients with rectal cancer who received chemotherapy and surgery were included, including 1 079 in the S group, 5 991 in the RT+S group, and 1 905 in the S+RT group. After PSM, the clinical base characteristics of the groups were balanced and comparable. The patients in the RT+S group had a significantly improved prognosis in 5 and 10 years compared with the S group (all P=0.000) after PSM, while the patients in the S+RT group had a significantly improved prognosis in 5 years only (both P<0.05) and no significant improvement in 10 years (both P>0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that neoadjuvant radiotherapy was an independent protective factor for the patients′ OS and CSS (both P=0.000), while adjuvant radiotherapy was not (both P>0.05). Subgroup analysis showed that neoadjuvant radiotherapy had no significant protective effect on OS and CSS in the patients aged<50 years, with highly differentiated tumors, tumor size≤30 mm or TNM stage Ⅰ‒Ⅲ (all P>0.05); whereas adjuvant radiotherapy had significant protective effects on OS and CSS in the patients with poorly differentiated/undifferentiated tumors, tumor size>50 mm or TNM stage Ⅳ (all P<0.05). Conclusion ·For the patients with rectal cancer treated with chemotherapy and surgery, neoadjuvant radiotherapy has a significant survival benefit, but it may not be applicable for the patients aged<50 years, with highly differentiated tumors, tumor size≤30 mm, or TNM stage Ⅰ‒Ⅲ; whereas the patients with poorly differentiated/undifferentiated tumors, tumor size>50 mm, or TNM stage Ⅳ may benefit from adjuvant radiotherapy.

Keywords: rectum cancer ; neoadjuvant radiotherapy ; adjuvant radiotherapy ; SEER database ; prognosis

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王安君, 刘宁宁. 放疗对行化疗和手术的直肠癌患者的效果分析:一项基于SEER数据库的回顾性研究. 上海交通大学学报(医学版)[J], 2023, 43(3): 320-332 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2023.03.008

WANG Anjun, LIU Ningning. Efficacy of radiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer undergoing chemotherapy and surgery: a retrospective study based on the SEER database. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Medical Science)[J], 2023, 43(3): 320-332 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2023.03.008

根据2020年国际癌症研究机构的估计,结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)是全球第三大常见的恶性肿瘤和第二大癌症死亡原因1。2022年中国癌症统计报告显示,我国CRC发病率和死亡率在全部恶性肿瘤中分别位居第2位和第4位2。其中,直肠癌的发病率在亚洲国家约占CRC的40%及以上1

根据美国国立综合癌症网络(The National Comprehensive Cancer Network,NCCN)指南3的推荐:Ⅰ期直肠癌患者一般行根治性切除;Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期的患者是新辅助放化疗后进行全直肠系膜切除,这种治疗模式可减少局部复发风险;Ⅳ期可切除的直肠癌建议化学治疗(化疗)或放射治疗(放疗),或者手术。所谓新辅助放化疗是指在手术之前进行的放疗或化疗,而辅助放化疗是在手术之后进行的放疗或化疗。尽管放化疗加切除术被认为是可手术直肠癌的标准治疗方法,但它在生存率、术后的生活质量方面给患者带来的影响仍存在争议4。一项纳入28项随机对照试验的meta分析研究5,比较了直肠癌手术联合新辅助放疗或辅助放疗与单纯手术的患者结局,接受手术联合放疗(包括新辅助和辅助)的患者的总生存率仅略好于单纯手术的患者(62% vs 63%,P=0.06),其中术前放疗患者和术后放疗患者相对于单纯手术患者的年死亡率减少差异无统计学意义。另外一项meta分析研究6纳入了80项不同的试验,包括41 121名患者,研究发现新辅助放化疗的好处还不足以改善患者的总生存率,原发性肿瘤的转移和术后不良反应是影响患者总生存率的2个主要因素。此外,一项纳入23项随机对照试验的meta分析研究7表明,与新辅助化疗联合手术相比,新辅助放化疗联合手术并没有改善患者的总生存率;但是与单纯手术比,新辅助放疗联合手术具有总生存率益处。然而,也有文献8指出,与新辅助化疗相比,新辅助放化疗可进一步降低局部晚期直肠癌患者的局部复发率。

综上所述,目前已有的证据之间存在相互矛盾之处。其中,尤为重要的是,尚未有研究比较在接受化疗和手术的直肠癌患者中,新辅助放疗和辅助放疗带来的生存获益,以及哪些人群能从中获得生存效益。故本研究的目的一方面是探索新辅助放疗和辅助放疗对接受化疗和手术治疗的直肠癌患者的生存影响,另一方面是确认直肠癌患者中的哪些亚组能从放疗中真正获益,从而达到对肿瘤患者的精准化治疗。美国癌症监测、流行病学和结果(Surveillance,Epidemiology and End Results,SEER)数据库是美国国家癌症研究所1973年建立的癌症病例数据库。本研究通过对数据库中2005—2015年期间行手术和化疗的直肠癌病例进行回顾性分析,研究新辅助放疗和辅助放疗对直肠癌患者预后的影响,为放疗在直肠癌治疗的临床应用提供参考。

1 资料与方法

1.1 研究对象及分组

本研究使用SEER*Stat软件(版本8.3.9.2,http://seer.cancer.gov/seerstat)检索SEER数据库,纳入2005—2015年确诊的直肠癌患者。纳入标准:① 2005—2015年确诊的患者。② 以《国际疾病分类肿瘤学专辑》(第3版)确认原发肿瘤位于结肠或直肠。③ 经组织学确认为阳性的样本。④ 具有完整随访信息的患者。排除标准:① 仅尸检或死亡证明为结直肠癌的患者。② 生存时间未知的患者。所有纳入患者按是否接受放疗以及放疗顺序分为3个组,分别为手术治疗组(S组)、新辅助放疗联合手术组(RT+S组)和手术联合辅助放疗组(S+RT组),所有患者均接受了化疗。

1.2 收集的变量

本研究收集的变量信息如下:① 诊断年龄(age)。② 性别(gender)。③ 种族(race)。④ 婚姻状态(marital status)。⑤ 肿瘤病理类型(tumor histology)。⑥ 肿瘤大小(tumor size)。⑦ 肿瘤分化程度(grade)。⑧ 第6版美国癌症联合委员会分期(TNM)。⑨ 清扫的淋巴结个数(regional nodes examined)。⑩ 生存时间(survival month)。除了生存时间外,所有的协变量均作为分类变量,按临床经验和以往研究划分截断值。因长程放疗结束后,一般间隔5~12周接受根治性手术。因此,RT+S组和S+RT组排除了生存期小于4个月的患者。

1.3 统计学方法

为了减少回顾性研究中的选择偏倚,RT+S组和S组之间、S组和S+RT组之间以1∶1的比例进行倾向性评分匹配(propensity score matching,PSM),以调整年龄、性别等混杂因素的影响。PSM由“MatchIt”R程序包(卡尺为0.001)进行计算。计算分类变量的频数和百分比,采用χ2检验进行组间比较。通过对数秩检验(log-rank检验)评估Kaplan-Meier生存曲线;采用受限平均生存时间(restricted mean survival time,RMST)估计直肠癌患者5年和10年内平均生存期。使用单因素和多因素Cox比例风险模型分析各组的预后因素。亚组分析采用单因素Cox比例风险模型。总生存期(overall survival,OS)定义为从诊断日期至因任何原因死亡日期的月数。肿瘤特异性生存期(cancer specific survival,CSS)定义为从结直肠癌诊断日期至结直肠癌导致的死亡日期的月数。OS和CSS是研究的2个终点。对研究中的所有变量进行单变量Cox回归模型分析,将P<0.05的变量纳入多因素Cox回归分析。双侧P<0.05表示具有统计学意义。使用的R程序包包括“compareGroups”“survival”“survminer”“survRM2”“MatchIt”“forestplot”“cobalt”。

2 结果

2.1 纳入患者及不同组间基本临床信息的匹配

图1详细描述了研究人群的具体纳入流程。根据纳入和排除标准,本研究共纳入8 975例行手术和化疗的直肠癌患者,并分为3组,其中S组患者1 079例(12.02%)、RT+S组5 991例(66.75%)、S+RT组1 905例(21.23%)。RT+S组和S组经过PSM后各筛选出953例(表1);S组和S+RT组经过PSM后各筛选出739例(表2)。对匹配前后的协变量平衡性进行评估,匹配后绝对标准平均差异在0附近,表明匹配后能很好地平衡协变量之间的差异。

图1

图1   接受手术和化疗的直肠癌患者纳入流程图

Fig 1   Flow chart for inclusion of rectal cancer patients undergoing surgery and chemotherapy


表1   PSM前后RT+S组和S组直肠癌患者的临床基本特征

Tab 1  Basic characteristics of rectal cancer patients in the RT+S group and the S group before and after PSM

CharacteristicBefore PSMAfter PSM

All

(n=7 070)

S group

(n=1 079)

RT+S group

(n=5 991)

P value

All

(n=1 906)

S group

(n=953)

RT+S group

(n=953)

P value
Age/n (%)0.0240.999
<50 years1 606 (22.7)216 (20.0)1 390 (23.2)371 (19.5)185 (19.4)186 (19.5)
≥50 years5 464 (77.3)863 (80.0)4 601 (76.8)1 535 (80.5)768 (80.6)767 (80.5)
Gender/n (%)0.0490.999
Male4 412 (62.4)644 (59.7)3 768 (62.9)1 129 (59.2)564 (59.2)565 (59.3)
Female2 658 (37.6)435 (40.3)2 223 (37.1)777 (40.8)389 (40.8)388 (40.7)
Race/n (%)0.0630.294
White5 414 (76.6)818 (75.8)4 596 (76.7)1 416 (74.3)699 (73.3)717 (75.2)
Black524 (7.4)98 (9.1)426 (7.1)165 (8.7)79 (8.3)86 (9.0)
Others1 132 (16.0)163 (15.1)969 (16.2)325 (17.1)175 (18.4)150 (15.7)
Marital status/n (%)0.6810.541
Married4 183 (59.2)645 (59.8)3 538 (59.1)1 172 (61.5)593 (62.2)579 (60.8)
Others2 887 (40.8)434 (40.2)2 453 (40.9)734 (38.5)360 (37.8)374 (39.2)
Tumor histology/n (%)0.0000.956
Adenocarcinoma5 734 (81.1)815 (75.5)4 919 (82.1)1 472 (77.2)737 (77.3)735 (77.1)
Others1 336 (18.9)264 (24.5)1 072 (17.9)434 (22.8)216 (22.7)218 (22.9)
Tumor size/n (%)0.0100.999
≤30 mm1 586 (22.4)228 (21.1)1 358 (22.7)410 (21.5)205 (21.5)205 (21.5)
>30‒50 mm3 312 (46.8)477 (44.2)2 835 (47.3)878 (46.1)439 (46.1)439 (46.1)
>50 mm2 172 (30.7)374 (34.7)1 798 (30.0)618 (32.4)309 (32.4)309 (32.4)
Histologic grade/n (%)0.0000.970
Well differentiated445 (6.3)43 (4.0)402 (6.7)70 (3.7)34 (3.6)36 (3.8)
Moderately differentiated5 549 (78.5)806 (74.7)4 743 (79.2)1 463 (76.8)732 (76.8)731 (76.7)
Poorly differentiated/undifferentiated1 076 (15.2)230 (21.3)846 (14.1)373 (19.6)187 (19.6)186 (19.5)
TNM stage/n (%)0.0000.999
677 (9.6)50 (4.6)627 (10.5)93 (4.9)46 (4.8)47 (4.9)
2 027 (28.7)144 (13.3)1 883 (31.4)288 (15.1)145 (15.2)143 (15.0)
3 509 (49.6)480 (44.5)3 029 (50.6)947 (49.7)473 (49.6)474 (49.7)
857 (12.1)405 (37.5)452 (7.5)578 (30.3)289 (30.3)289 (30.3)
Regional nodes examined/n (%)0.0000.999
<123 065 (43.4)411 (38.1)2 654 (44.3)734 (38.5)367 (38.5)367 (38.5)
≥124 005 (56.6)668 (61.9)3 337 (55.7)1 172 (61.5)586 (61.5)586 (61.5)

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表2   PSM前后S组和S+RT组直肠癌患者的临床基本特征

Tab 2  Basic characteristics of rectal cancer patients in the S group and the S+RT group before and after PSM

CharacteristicBefore PSMAfter PSM

All

(n=2 984)

S group

(n=1 079)

S+RT group

(n=1 905)

P value

All

(n=1 478)

S group

(n=739)

S+RT group

(n=739)

P value
Age/n (%)0.3440.842
<50 years569 (19.1)216 (20.0)353 (18.5)278 (18.8)137 (18.5)141 (19.1)
≥50 years2 415 (80.9)863 (80.0)1 552 (81.5)1 200 (81.2)602 (81.5)598 (80.9)
Gender/n (%)0.4730.874
Male1 754 (58.8)644 (59.7)1 110 (58.3)862 (58.3)429 (58.1)433 (58.6)
Female1 230 (41.2)435 (40.3)795 (41.7)616 (41.7)310 (41.9)306 (41.4)
Race/n (%)0.5310.231
White2 274 (76.2)818 (75.8)1 456 (76.4)1 120 (75.8)550 (74.4)570 (77.1)
Black249 (8.3)98 (9.1)151 (7.9)122 (8.3)59 (8.0)63 (8.5)
Others461 (15.4)163 (15.1)298 (15.6)236 (16.0)130 (17.6)106 (14.3)
Marital status/n (%)0.6550.264
Married1 801 (60.4)645 (59.8)1 156 (60.7)892 (60.4)435 (58.9)457 (61.8)
Others1 183 (39.6)434 (40.2)749 (39.3)586 (39.6)304 (41.1)282 (38.2)
Tumor histology/n (%)0.0120.859
Adenocarcinoma2 171 (72.8)815 (75.5)1 356 (71.2)1 092 (73.9)544 (73.6)548 (74.2)
Others813 (27.2)264 (24.5)549 (28.8)386 (26.1)195 (26.4)191 (25.8)
Tumor size/n (%)0.0000.970
≤30 mm792 (26.5)228 (21.1)564 (29.6)370 (25.0)185 (25.0)185 (25.0)
>30‒50 mm1 295 (43.4)477 (44.2)818 (42.9)670 (45.3)333 (45.1)337 (45.6)
>50 mm897 (30.1)374 (34.7)523 (27.5)438 (29.6)221 (29.9)217 (29.4)
Histologic grade/n (%)0.0080.999
Well differentiated154 (5.2)43 (4.0)111 (5.8)54 (3.7)27 (3.7)27 (3.7)
Moderately differentiated2 263 (75.8)806 (74.7)1 457 (76.5)1 154 (78.1)577 (78.1)577 (78.1)
Poorly differentiated/undifferentiated567 (19.0)230 (21.3)337 (17.7)270 (18.3)135 (18.3)135 (18.3)
TNM stage/n (%)0.0000.999
309 (10.4)50 (4.6)259 (13.6)82 (5.6)41 (5.6)41 (5.6)
618 (20.7)144 (13.3)474 (24.9)266 (18.0)133 (18.0)133 (18.0)
1 533 (51.4)480 (44.5)1 053 (55.3)922 (62.4)461 (62.4)461 (62.4)
524 (17.6)405 (37.5)119 (6.3)208 (14.1)104 (14.1)104 (14.1)
Regional nodes examined/n (%)0.7990.999
<121 147 (38.4)411 (38.1)736 (38.6)522 (35.3)261 (35.3)261 (35.3)
≥121 837 (61.6)668 (61.9)1 169 (61.4)956 (64.7)478 (64.7)478 (64.7)

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2.2 3组患者比例在20052015年的变化趋势

图2可见,对于接受化疗和手术的直肠癌患者,3组患者比例随确诊年份的变化而变化。RT+S组患者的比例在2005—2015年期间上升趋势显著,而S+RT组在此期间略有下降,S组的比例基本保持平稳。

图2

图2   20052015年接受化疗和手术的3组直肠癌患者的比例变化趋势

Fig 2   Trends in the proportions of rectal cancer patients in three groups receiving chemotherapy from 2005 to 2015


2.3 3组患者的生存分析

2.3.1 RT+S组和S组

表3所示,PSM前,RT+S组和S组的中位OS分别为149个月和62个月;RT+S组在随访时间内未达到中位CSS,S组中位CSS为79个月。图3A、C显示2组OS曲线和CSS曲线之间的差异均有统计学意义(均P=0.000)。RMST分析结果显示,5年和10年平均生存时间、平均肿瘤特异性生存时间在2组间差异均存在统计学意义(均P=0.000)。因此,在匹配前RT+S组患者的预后,无论是短期预后(5年)或长期预后(10年)均明显好于S组。

表3   RT+S组和S组直肠癌患者OSCSS比较

Tab 3  Comparison of OS and CSS in the patients with rectal cancer between the RT+S group and the S group

Test modelBefore PSMAfter PSM

RT+S group

(95%CI)

S group

(95%CI)

P value

RT+S group

(95%CI)

S group

(95%CI)

P value
Log-rank
Median OS/month149 (142‒155)62 (55‒72)104 (93‒123)71 (61‒86)
Median CSS/monthNA79 (66‒107)NA107 (81‒142)
RMST
60 months (5 years) survival time52.9 (52.5‒53.3)44.2 (43.0‒45.3)0.00049.8 (48.8‒50.8)45.4 (44.2‒46.6)0.000
60 months (5 years) cancer specific survival time54.1 (53.8‒54.5)45.9 (44.8‒47.0)0.00050.8 (49.8‒51.8)47.3 (46.1‒48.5)0.000
120 months (10 years) survival time91.7 (90.6‒92.7)70.1 (67.3‒72.8)0.00082.1 (79.4‒84.9)73.2 (70.2‒76.1)0.000
120 months (10 years) cancer specific survival time97.4 (96.4‒98.4)75.2 (72.4‒78.1)0.00087.1 (84.4‒89.9)78.7 (75.7‒81.8)0.000

Note: NA represents not accessible.

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图3

图3   PSM前后RT+S组和S组的生存曲线

Note: A. Survival curves of OS of the RT+S group and the S group before PSM. B. Survival curves of OS of the RT+S group and the S group after PSM. C. Survival curves of CSS of the RT+S group and the S group before PSM. D. Survival curves of CSS of the RT+S group and the S group after PSM.

Fig 3   Survival curves of the RT+S group and the S group before and after PSM


经PSM后,RT+S组和S组的中位OS分别为104个月和71个月;RT+S组未达到中位CSS,S组中位CSS为107个月。图3B、D显示2组OS曲线和CSS曲线之间的差异均有统计学意义(均P=0.000)。RMST分析结果显示,5年和10年平均生存时间、平均肿瘤特异性生存时间在2组间差异均存在统计学意义(均P=0.000)。因此匹配后,RT+S组患者短期或长期的预后仍然明显好于S组。

2.3.2 S组和S+RT组

表4所示,PSM前,S组和S+RT组的中位OS分别为62个月和142个月;S组

表4   S组和S+RT组直肠癌患者OSCSS比较

Tab 4  Comparison of OS and CSS in the patients with rectal cancer between the S group and the S+RT group

Test modelBefore PSMAfter PSM

S group

(95%CI)

S+RT group

(95%CI)

P value

S group

(95%CI)

S+RT group

(95%CI)

P value
Log-rank
Median OS/month62 (55‒72)142 (129‒155)106 (88‒129)116 (98‒132)
Median CSS/month79 (66‒107)NANANA
RMST
60 months (5 years) survival time44.2 (43.0‒45.3)52.2 (51.5‒52.9)0.00048.0 (46.7‒49.4)50.6 (49.4‒51.7)0.005

60 months (5 years) cancer specific

survival time

45.9 (44.8‒47.0)53.8 (53.2‒54.5)0.00049.9 (48.7‒51.2)51.7 (50.6‒52.9)0.033
120 months (10 years) survival time70.1 (67.3‒72.8)90.3 (88.5‒92.1)0.00080.3 (77.0‒83.6)84.6 (81.5‒87.6)0.065

120 months (10 years) cancer specific

survival time

75.2 (72.4‒78.1)96.6 (94.8‒98.3)0.00086.3 (83.0‒89.6)89.6 (86.6‒92.7)0.147

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中位CSS为79个月,S+RT组在随访时间内未达到中位CSS。图4A、C显示2组OS曲线和CSS曲线之间差异均有统计学意义(均P=0.000)。RMST分析结果

图4

图4   PSM前后S组和S+RT组的生存曲线

Note: A. Survival curves of OS of the S group and the S+RT group before PSM. B. Survival curves of OS of the S group and the S+RT group after PSM. C. Survival curves of CSS of the S group and the S+RT group before PSM. D. Survival curves of CSS of the S group and the S+RT group after PSM.

Fig 4   Survival curves of the S group and the S+RT group before and after PSM


显示,5年和10年平均生存时间、平均肿瘤特异性生存时间在2组间差异均存在统计学意义(均P=0.000)。因此,匹配前S+RT组患者的短期和长期预后均明显好于S组。

经PSM后,S组和S+RT组的中位OS分别为106个月和116个月;在随访时间内,S组和S+RT组均未达到中位CSS。图4B、D显示2组OS曲线和CSS曲线之间的差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。RMST分析结果显示,S组和S+RT组的5年平均生存时间和平均肿瘤特异性生存时间之间差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05),但10年平均生存时间和平均肿瘤特异性生存时间之间的差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。因此,从长远看,辅助放疗仅改善了患者短期预后,对长期预后没有显著的影响。

2.4 匹配后的预后因素分析

RT+S组和S组经PSM后,单因素Cox分析显示组别、年龄、种族、婚姻状况、肿瘤大小、肿瘤分化程度和TNM分期对OS均有显著的影响;将P<0.05的协变量纳入多因素Cox分析,其中年龄≥50岁、黑人、非结婚状态、肿瘤直径>30 mm、低分化或未分化肿瘤、分期Ⅳ期是接受手术和化疗的直肠癌患者OS的独立危险因素,而新辅助放疗则是独立保护因素。与OS不同的是,年龄并不是直肠癌患者CSS的独立危险因素。详见表5

表5   RT+S组和S组直肠癌患者OSCSS的单因素和多因素Cox回归分析

Tab 5  Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis of OS and CSS of rectal cancer patients between the RT+S group and the S group

FactorOSCSS
Univariate analysisMultivariate analysisUnivariate analysisMultivariate analysis
HR (95%CI)

P

value

HR (95%CI)

P

value

HR (95%CI)P valueHR (95%CI)P value
Group
SReferenceReferenceReferenceReference
RT+S0.77 (0.68‒0.88)0.0000.73 (0.64‒0.83)0.0000.75 (0.65‒0.87)0.0000.71 (0.62‒0.82)0.000
Age
<50 yearsReferenceReferenceReference
≥50 years1.37 (1.15‒1.63)0.0001.47 (1.23‒1.75)0.0001.14 (0.95‒1.37)0.144
Gender
MaleReferenceReference
Female0.90 (0.79‒1.02)0.1070.89 (0.77‒1.03)0.120
Race
WhiteReferenceReferenceReferenceReference
Black1.32 (1.07‒1.62)0.0101.27 (1.03‒1.57)0.0251.43 (1.15‒1.79)0.0021.38 (1.10‒1.73)0.005
Others0.96 (0.80‒1.14)0.6231.03 (0.86‒1.23)0.7330.96 (0.79‒1.16)0.6591.02 (0.84‒1.24)0.858
Marital status
MarriedReferenceReferenceReferenceReference
Others1.31 (1.15‒1.49)0.0001.27 (1.11‒1.44)0.0001.30 (1.13‒1.50)0.0001.27 (1.10‒1.46)0.001
Tumor histology
AdenocarcinomaReferenceReference
Others0.96 (0.82‒1.12)0.5980.95 (0.80‒1.13)0.572
Tumor size
≤30 mmReferenceReferenceReferenceReference
>30‒50 mm1.54 (1.29‒1.85)0.0001.30 (1.08‒1.57)0.0071.59 (1.29‒1.95)0.0001.26 (1.02‒1.56)0.035
>50 mm1.96 (1.62‒2.37)0.0001.60 (1.32‒1.95)0.0002.13 (1.72‒2.63)0.0001.56 (1.26‒1.95)0.000
Histologic grade
Well differentiatedReferenceReferenceReferenceReference
Moderately differentiated1.18 (0.81‒1.72)0.3881.04 (0.71‒1.52)0.8341.26 (0.82‒1.95)0.2921.06 (0.68‒1.64)0.802
Poorly differentiated/ undifferentiated2.03 (1.37‒3.00)0.0001.81 (1.22‒2.69)0.0032.34 (1.50‒3.67)0.0001.98 (1.26‒3.11)0.003
TNM stage
ReferenceReferenceReferenceReference
0.86 (0.59‒1.26)0.4430.73 (0.49‒1.08)0.1120.96 (0.60‒1.54)0.8810.85 (0.53‒1.37)0.502
1.24 (0.89‒1.74)0.2091.03 (0.73‒1.46)0.8521.41 (0.93‒2.14)0.1071.20 (0.79‒1.83)0.398
3.70 (2.64‒5.19)0.0003.05 (2.16‒4.32)0.0004.91 (3.25‒7.43)0.0004.17 (2.73‒6.36)0.000
Regional nodes examined
<12ReferenceReference
≥120.90 (0.79‒1.02)0.0990.96 (0.83‒1.10)0.539

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S组和S+RT组经PSM后,单因素Cox回归分析显示年龄、种族、婚姻状况、肿瘤大小、肿瘤分化程度和TNM分期对OS均有显著的影响,而种族对CSS并无影响;将P<0.05的协变量纳入多因素Cox分析,其中年龄≥50岁、非结婚状态、肿瘤直径>30 mm以及TNM分期Ⅳ期是接受手术和化疗的直肠癌患者OS和CSS的独立危险因素,黑人仅是OS的独立危险因素。不同于新辅助放疗,辅助放疗并不是直肠癌患者OS和CSS的保护因素。详见表6

表6   S组和S+RT组直肠癌患者OSCSS的单因素和多因素Cox回归分析

Tab 6  Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis of OS and CSS of rectal cancer patients between the S group and the S+RT group

FactorOSCSS
Univariate analysisMultivariate analysisUnivariate analysisMultivariate analysis
HR (95%CI)P valueHR (95%CI)P valueHR (95%CI)P valueHR (95%CI)P value
Group
SReferenceReference
S+RT1.12 (0.96‒1.30)0.1501.13 (0.95‒1.34)0.166
Age
<50 yearsReferenceReferenceReferenceReference
≥50 years1.55 (1.25‒1.92)0.0001.82 (1.46‒2.26)0.0001.30 (1.04‒1.64)0.0241.81 (1.45‒2.24)0.000
Gender
MaleReferenceReference
Female0.98 (0.84‒1.14)0.7501.00 (0.84‒1.19)0.992
Race
WhiteReferenceReferenceReference
Black1.30 (1.01‒1.67)0.0451.35 (1.04‒1.75)0.0241.25 (0.94‒1.67)0.125
Others0.81 (0.65‒1.01)0.0650.99 (0.79‒1.24)0.9140.81 (0.63‒1.04)0.101
Marital status
MarriedReferenceReferenceReferenceReference
Others1.43 (1.23‒1.67)0.0001.35 (1.16‒1.58)0.0001.42 (1.19‒1.68)0.0001.39 (1.19‒1.62)0.000
Tumor histology
AdenocarcinomaReferenceReference
Others1.07 (0.90‒1.27)0.4261.14 (0.94‒1.38)0.185
Tumor size
≤30 mmReferenceReferenceReferenceReference
>30‒50 mm1.78 (1.44‒2.21)0.0001.64 (1.32‒2.05)0.0001.90 (1.48‒2.43)0.0001.64 (1.32‒2.05)0.000
>50 mm2.15 (1.72‒2.70)0.0002.01 (1.59‒2.54)0.0002.41 (1.86‒3.12)0.0002.02 (1.60‒2.56)0.000
Histologic grade
Well differentiatedReferenceReferenceReferenceReference
Moderately differentiated0.94 (0.62‒1.44)0.7900.88 (0.58‒1.34)0.5491.08 (0.65‒1.78)0.7710.89 (0.58‒1.35)0.574
Poorly differentiated/ undifferentiated1.58 (1.02‒2.45)0.0411.38 (0.89‒2.16)0.1501.86 (1.11‒3.13)0.0191.40 (0.90‒2.17)0.139
TNM stage
ReferenceReferenceReferenceReference
1.11 (0.72‒1.70)0.6350.78 (0.50‒1.22)0.2801.48 (0.86‒2.55)0.1600.76 (0.49‒1.19)0.232
1.45 (0.98‒2.12)0.0601.10 (0.74‒1.64)0.6341.88 (1.14‒3.12)0.0141.07 (0.72‒1.58)0.753
4.67 (3.13‒6.98)0.0003.54 (2.33‒5.38)0.0007.30 (4.36‒12.23)0.0003.39 (2.24‒5.15)0.000
Regional nodes examined
<12ReferenceReference
≥120.89 (0.76‒1.04)0.1370.99 (0.83‒1.18)0.894

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2.5 亚组分析

由于疗效会随着患者的特点不同而变化,为了进一步探究是否所有接受手术和化疗的直肠癌患者均可在新辅助放疗中获得临床收益,我们进行了亚组分析。由图5可知,尽管在总人群中,新辅助放疗是患者OS和CSS的独立保护因素,但是年龄<50岁的人群、肿瘤分化程度高的人群、非腺瘤肿瘤的人群、肿瘤直径≤30 mm的人群以及TNM分期Ⅰ~Ⅲ期的人群可能并不适合新辅助放疗。同样地,总人群分析结果显示辅助放疗并不能改善直肠癌患者的长期预后,但是我们想进一步探究是否有患者可以从辅助放疗中获益。由图6可知,对于低分化/未分化、肿瘤直径>50 mm以及TNM分期Ⅰ期和Ⅳ期的患者,辅助放疗是这部分人群的保护因素。

图5

图5   RT+S组和SOSCSS亚组分析

Fig 5   Subgroup analysis of OS and CSS between the RT+S group and the S group


图6

图6   S组和S+RTOSCSS亚组分析

Fig 6   Subgroup analysis of OS and CSS between the S group and the S+RT group


3 讨论

放疗是多种恶性实体肿瘤包括结直肠癌的局部控制和治疗的手段之一,但是对直肠癌的放疗仍然在当今临床上存在争议。对接受化疗和手术的直肠癌患者是否联合放疗、放疗的顺序,以及哪部分患者可以从放疗中真正获益等问题,都是目前临床精准化治疗面临的挑战。

我们知道,log-rank检验是对总体生存情况做分析,但并不能直观地比较如5年或10年内的预后情况9,且log-rank检验的前提要求是比例风险(proportional hazard,PH)假设成立;相对而言,RMST法不依赖于PH假设,其结果在比例风险和非比例风险的生存模型中均表现稳健10。因此,本研究引入了RMST的方法,其主要含义是如果时间限制为12个月,则RMST衡量的是12个月内存活的平均月数11。本研究发现,RMST结果显示新辅助放疗延长了患者5年和10年内的平均生存时间,这与log-rank检验结果一致。因此,我们认为行化疗和手术切除的直肠癌患者,新辅助放疗可以带来生存效益,尽管不是在所有的人群中。而本研究中,辅助放疗仅仅改善了患者的5年预后,对于长期预后如10年,并没有带来明显的生存效益。RMST的结果和log-rank结果在长期预后方面是一致的。同时,大量临床试验和meta分析研究12-13表明,新辅助放疗比辅助放疗对肿瘤有更好的局部控制效果,并有可能改善OS。从本研究的结果中也能看到,2005—2015年间接受新辅助放疗的患者比例逐渐上升,而接受辅助放疗的比例则不断下降。

尽管新辅助放疗是行化疗和手术的直肠癌患者OS和CSS的预后独立保护因素,但对所有患者采用新辅助放疗是不合理的。为了确定从放疗中获益更多的亚组,并避免对生存获益有限的患者进行过度治疗,我们进行了亚组分析。从OS的结果来看,肿瘤直径较小、分化良好以及TNM分期较早的患者可能并不需要新辅助放疗。有研究14显示原发肿瘤的转移和术后不良反应是新辅助放化疗不能改善OS的主要原因。因此,我们推测对于肿瘤直径较小、分化良好以及TNM分期早期的患者,放疗的不良反应可能抵消新辅助放疗带来的生存益处。而对于已发生转移的直肠癌,即主要是Ⅳ期的直肠癌,各治疗指南差异较大。本研究结果表明,Ⅳ期的直肠癌在手术和化疗的基础上,无论新辅助放疗还是辅助放疗,均是OS和CSS的独立保护因素。LOGAN等15的研究发现,对于Ⅳ期CRC患者,尤其是直肠癌患者,接受手术联合放疗相较于单纯手术或放疗可延长患者的生存期。同样,meta分析研究16表明在可切除的Ⅳ期患者中观察到短程放疗和巩固化疗后的良好结果。

对于早期的直肠癌,治疗方案里放化疗并没有被推荐。我们的研究结果显示,对于接受化疗和手术的Ⅰ期直肠癌患者,无论新辅助放疗还是辅助放疗均可带来一定的CSS效益。临床试验17表明,对于不可切除的早期直肠癌,应用短程放疗可以较好地实现器官保存和生活质量的改善;但是也有研究18显示,早期直肠癌患者接受新辅助放化疗并不能提高生存效益。由于Ⅰ期直肠癌病例相对少见且预后良好,病例累积过慢,其临床随机试验很难观察到终点;因此,对Ⅰ期直肠癌患者是否应用放疗仍然是个有争议性的问题。对于Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期的直肠癌患者,无论是新辅助放疗还是辅助放疗,均不能获得生存效益。然而,MCLAUGHLIN等19对SEER数据库的21 789名病理性T4结肠癌患者开展了回顾性研究,所有患者均接受了手术,其中1 001名患者接受了辅助放疗;结果表明,与未接受辅助放疗的患者相比,术后接受辅助放疗的T4结肠癌患者死于结肠癌的风险降低,并且显示出显著的CSS获益,但生存获益有限,癌症死亡相对风险仅降低11.51%。另一项利用SEER数据的研究20表明,对于病理TNM分期T4N2M0结肠癌患者,与未接受放疗的患者相比,增加放疗可以带来生存获益。我们考虑这部分差异首先在于PSM虽然平衡了混杂因素的影响,但是在匹配的同时有部分脱落,因此可能造成结果一定的偏倚。其次,本研究纳入的对象是已经行化疗和手术的患者,在此基础上比较新辅助放疗和辅助放疗的效果,不同于以往研究仅仅纳入手术和放疗的人群。最后,考虑到不同TNM分期采取的放化疗方案之间同样存在差异。

此外,我们发现早发性直肠癌患者不能从新辅助放疗中获益。实际上,早发性CRC多数发生在直肠21,研究22显示早发性直肠癌患者肿瘤通常具有侵袭性病理特征,如印戒细胞癌等,通常对放疗反应不佳,这与以往的研究23-24结果一致。而且已有研究25发现年轻的直肠癌患者有更高肿瘤干细胞比例,从而导致了对放化疗的抵抗。在本研究的3组患者中,我们均发现了婚姻状态(已婚)是独立保护因素。最新的研究26发现离婚/分居/丧偶与更高的结肠癌死亡率显著相关,因此可在一定程度上证明已婚对CRC预后有一定的保护作用。

然而,我们的研究存在一些不可避免的局限性。首先,我们的研究没有包含化疗顺序的信息。尽管我们纳入的所有患者均采取了化疗,但是新辅助化疗和辅助化疗在我们的组别中可能存在一定的偏倚。其次,不同化疗药物的使用也是影响长期预后的重要因素之一。最后,我们未对放疗的方式和剂量进行区分,这也是影响预后的重要混杂因素。

总之,我们的研究表明,针对行化疗和手术的直肠癌患者,新辅助放疗可以显著改善直肠癌患者的OS,但是在早发性、肿瘤直径≤30 mm以及TNM分期早期的患者中,新辅助放疗可能并不合适。而辅助放疗在整体直肠癌患者中未见预后的保护作用,但是低分化、肿瘤直径>50 mm以及TNM晚期的患者可能从辅助放疗中获益。由于SEER数据库是一个大型的、基于人群的癌症登记数据集,其中包含患者级别的数据,因此与单中心的研究相比,结果可以更好地外推到一般人群中。我们的研究结果可为临床个性化的治疗提供一定的借鉴,然而仍然需要多中心、大样本量的临床试验进一步加以验证。

作者贡献声明

王安君负责数据库检索、筛选、统计和论文写作。刘宁宁负责论文的审查及修改。所有作者均阅读并同意了最终稿件的提交。

WANG Anjun searched and screened the database, researched data for the article and wrote the manuscript. LIU Ningning reviewed and edited the manuscript before submission. Both the authors have read the last version of paper and consented for submission.

利益冲突声明

所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。

Both authors disclose no relevant conflict of interest.

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