上海交通大学学报(医学版), 2023, 43(6): 709-717 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2023.06.007

论著 · 基础研究

RBX1通过STAT1调控葡萄膜黑色素瘤免疫相关基因

周晓雯,, 李倩, 张哲, 沈键锋,, 范先群,

上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院眼科,上海市眼眶病眼肿瘤重点实验室,上海 200011

RBX1 regulates uveal melanoma immune-related genes via STAT1

ZHOU Xiaowen,, LI Qian, ZHANG Zhe, SHEN Jianfeng,, FAN Xianqun,

Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai 200011, China

通讯作者: 沈键锋,电子信箱:jfshen@shsmu.edu.cn。范先群,电子信箱:fanxianqun@126.com

编委: 瞿麟平

收稿日期: 2023-03-16   接受日期: 2023-05-15   网络出版日期: 2023-06-28

基金资助: 国家自然科学基金.  81972667
上海市重点实验室资助项目.  20DZ2270800

Corresponding authors: SHEN Jianfeng, E-mail:jfshen@shsmu.edu.cnFAN Xianqun, E-mail:fanxianqun@126.com.

Received: 2023-03-16   Accepted: 2023-05-15   Online: 2023-06-28

作者简介 About authors

周晓雯(1997—),女,硕士生;电子信箱:hiumanchow@163.com。 E-mail:hiumanchow@163.com

摘要

目的·探索RBX1(ring-box protein 1)在葡萄膜黑色素瘤(uveal melanoma,UVM)肿瘤细胞中对免疫相关基因的调控作用。方法·通过检索癌症基因组图谱(The Cancer Genome Atlas,TCGA)数据库分析RBX1在肿瘤中的表达水平以及与临床分期、生存预后的相关性。使用靶向RBX1的小干扰RNA(small interfering RNA,siRNA)分别在UVM细胞系92.1、OMM2.3和MEL290中瞬时敲低RBX1,并对瞬时敲低RBX1的92.1细胞进行转录组测序,分析siRBX1转染细胞与对照细胞的差异表达基因,并采用基因集富集分析(gene set enrichment analysis,GSEA)对差异基因进行分析,探究RBX1与肿瘤免疫相关基因的关系。在分析结果的基础上,通过实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)分别检测瞬时敲低RBX1的92.1、OMM2.3和MEL290细胞系中信号转导与转录激活因子1(signal transducer and activator of transcription 1,STAT1)及其下游的CXC趋化因子配体9(C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 9,CXCL9)和CXCL10的mRNA表达水平,并通过Western blotting检测92.1细胞中STAT1及p-STAT1蛋白表达水平。在瞬时敲低RBX1的细胞系OMM2.3和MEL290中,分别加入5 nmol/L或10 nmol/L的STAT1抑制剂fludarabine,处理48 h后通过qPCR检测CXCL9CXCL10的mRNA表达水平。结果·TCGA数据库分析表明:与正常组织相比,RBX1在多种肿瘤中高表达,在肾上腺皮质癌和UVM中显著高表达;且这2种肿瘤分期晚的患者,RBX1表达水平更高,同时RBX1表达水平高的患者的总生存期更短(均P<0.05)。对瞬时敲低RBX1的92.1细胞和对照细胞进行转录组测序,获得差异基因,并且GSEA结果显示,RBX1参与调控肿瘤免疫相关通路。热图分析显示RBX1敲低后STAT1表达水平上升。在92.1、OMM2.3和MEL290细胞系中,qPCR结果显示RBX1敲低后STAT1CXCL9CXCL10的mRNA表达水平上升,Western blotting结果显示在92.1细胞系中敲低RBX1后STAT1及p-STAT1表达水平上升。加入STAT1抑制剂后,OMM2.3和MEL290细胞系中的CXCL9CXCL10 mRNA上调表达被抑制。结论·RBX1在UVM细胞中可能通过STAT1调控CXCL9和CXCL10的表达,参与肿瘤免疫调控。

关键词: 葡萄膜黑色素瘤 ; RBX1 ; 肿瘤免疫 ; 信号转导与转录激活因子1

Abstract

Objective ·To investigate the role of RBX1 (ring-box protein 1) in the regulation of immune-related genes in uveal melanoma (UVM) tumor cells. Methods ·The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) was searched to analyze the expression levels of RBX1 in tumors and the correlation with clinical stages and survival prognosis. RBX1 was transiently knocked down in the UVM cell lines, i.e., 92.1, OMM2.3 and MEL290 by using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting RBX1. RNA sequencing was performed on the 92.1 cells with transient knockdown of RBX1, and the differentially expressed genes between the siRBX1-transfected cells and control cells were analyzed by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) to investigate the relationship between RBX1 and tumor immune-related genes. Based on the results of the analysis, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and its downstream CXC chemokine ligand 9 (CXCL9) and CXCL10 mRNA expression levels were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qPCR) in 92.1, OMM2.3 and MEL290 cells with transient knockdown of RBX1, respectively. The protein expression levels of STAT1 and p-STAT1 in 92.1 cells were detected by Western blotting. The cell lines OMM2.3 and MEL290, in which RBX1 was transiently knocked down, were treated with 5 nmol/L or 10 nmol/L STAT1 inhibitor fludarabine for 48 h, and the mRNA expression levels of CXCL9 and CXCL10 were detected by qPCR. Results ·TCGA database analysis showed that RBX1 was highly expressed in a variety of tumors compared to the normal tissues, particularly in adrenocortical carcinoma and UVM. In addition, the patients with late stage of these two kinds of tumors had higher expression level of RBX1, and the patients with higher expression level of RBX1 had shorter overall survival time (P<0.05). RNA sequencing of 92.1 cells with transiently knocked down RBX1 and control cells revealed differential genes, and GSEA showed that RBX1 was involved in the regulation of tumor immune-related pathways. Heat map analysis showed an increase in STAT1 expression after RBX1 knockdown. In the 92.1, OMM2.3 and MEL290 cell lines, qPCR showed increases in STAT1, CXCL9 and CXCL10 mRNA expression after transient knockdown of RBX1, and Western blotting showed that STAT1 and p-STAT1 expression increased after knockdown of RBX1 in 92.1 cell lines. The increases of CXCL9 and CXCL10 mRNA in OMM2.3 and MEL290 cell lines were suppressed by STAT1 inhibitors. Conclusion ·RBX1 may regulate CXCL9 and CXCL10 expression via STAT1 in UVM cells and is involved in tumor immune regulation.

Keywords: uveal melanoma (UVM) ; ring-box protein 1 (RBX1) ; tumor immunity ; signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1)

PDF (3226KB) 元数据 多维度评价 相关文章 导出 EndNote| Ris| Bibtex  收藏本文

本文引用格式

周晓雯, 李倩, 张哲, 沈键锋, 范先群. RBX1通过STAT1调控葡萄膜黑色素瘤免疫相关基因. 上海交通大学学报(医学版)[J], 2023, 43(6): 709-717 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2023.06.007

ZHOU Xiaowen, LI Qian, ZHANG Zhe, SHEN Jianfeng, FAN Xianqun. RBX1 regulates uveal melanoma immune-related genes via STAT1. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Medical Science)[J], 2023, 43(6): 709-717 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2023.06.007

先天免疫系统是人类机体免疫防御的重要组成部分。微生物核酸被一系列宿主编码的模式识别受体(pattern recognition receptor,PRR)识别后,触发细胞内信号级联反应,激活Ⅰ型干扰素(interferon,IFN)以及促炎细胞因子,如肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白介素-1(interleukin-1,IL-1)、IL-6等,这一系列过程是引发即时抗病毒反应和适应性免疫的先决条件1-2。蛋白质泛素化修饰在调节先天免疫的过程中起关键作用,如抗原呈递、细胞分化、免疫防御和炎症反应等3。E3泛素连接酶能够特异性识别靶蛋白,在泛素化途径中具有重要作用,并且参与细胞内的多种免疫调控,如:通过诱导髓样分化因子88(myeloid differentiation factor 88,MyD88)降解和TANK结合激酶1(TANK binding kinase 1,TBK1)活化,抑制Toll样受体(Toll-like receptor,TLR)/核因子κB(nuclear factor κB,NF-κB)信号转导4;与NF-κB P65亚基结合,促进P65发生泛素化并降解,抑制NF-κB活化5;促进干扰素基因刺激因子(stimulator of interferon genes,STING)在K150处的泛素化及其降解,抑制干扰素调节因子3(interferon regulatory factor 3,IRF3)依赖性抗病毒信号转导等6

RBX1(ring-box protein 1)是一种RING结构蛋白,与S期激酶相关蛋白1(S-phase kinase-associated protein 1,SKP1)、CUL1(cullin 1)和F-box蛋白一起组成SCF(SKP1-CUL1-F-box)复合体。SCF复合体是一种重要的E3泛素化连接酶7。研究8-12表明,RBX1在多种肿瘤中表达异常,包括肝癌、胃癌、食管癌、乳腺癌、膀胱癌、肺癌和结肠癌,且与临床不良预后相关。如RBX1的高表达可促进三阴性乳腺癌的转移13,也是小细胞肺癌患者不良预后的相关因素14;RBX1低表达促进高级别浆液性卵巢癌前体细胞转变为卵巢癌细胞15;RBX1可调控细胞周期,在神经胶质瘤细胞中,沉默RBX1可使细胞停滞在G2/M期,并导致细胞衰老和凋亡,从而抑制肿瘤细胞生长9。E3泛素化连接酶在免疫调控中发挥着重要作用,但RBX1作为E3泛素化连接酶的重要组成部分,对于肿瘤免疫相关基因的调控作用鲜有报道。

葡萄膜黑色素瘤(uveal melanoma,UVM)是成人最常见的眼内恶性肿瘤,极易发生复发、转移,患者预后差,且目前UVM的靶向治疗效果不佳,需要寻找新的治疗靶点16。本研究旨在探索RBX1在UVM中对免疫相关基因的调控作用及可能的机制,为改善UVM肿瘤免疫治疗提供新的研究方向。

1 材料与方法

1.1 实验材料

1.1.1 细胞来源

本研究使用的人UVM细胞系,包括92.1细胞系(上海雅吉生物科技有限公司)、MEL290细胞系和OMM2.3细胞系(2种细胞系均来自中国科学院典型培养物保藏委员会细胞库)。所有细胞系均用含10%胎牛血清的RPMI 1640培养液培养。

1.1.2 主要试剂和仪器

RPMI 1640培养液、Opti-MEM培养液、胎牛血清、0.25%胰蛋白酶、青霉素-链霉素(美国Gibco),LipofectamineTM 2000(美国Thermo Fisher),荧光定量PCR预混液ChamQ SYBR qPCR Master Mix(中国诺唯赞),RBX1抗体(11922S,美国CST),β-肌动蛋白(β-actin)抗体(66009,美国Proteintech),信号转导与转录激活因子1(signal transducer and activator of transcription 1,STAT1)抗体(14994S,美国CST),p-STAT1抗体(9167S,美国CST),荧光二抗(A21206,美国Invitrogen),RNA抽提试剂盒(美国EZBioscience),STAT1活化抑制剂fludarabine(美国Selleck)。

CO2培养箱(美国Thermo Fisher),电泳装置、ChemiDoc凝胶成像仪(美国Bio-Rad),离心机(德国Eppendorf),Light Cycler 480Ⅱ定量PCR仪(美国Roche)。

1.2 实验方法

1.2.1 数据库分析

使用GEPIA数据库(http://gepia2.cancer-pku.cn/)和UALCAN网站(http://ualcan.path.uab.edu/)完成癌症基因组图谱(The Cancer Genome Atlas,TCGA)数据库中肿瘤患者的预后分析及各类肿瘤中RBX1基因表达情况分析。

1.2.2 小干扰RNA转染

转染前24 h提前将状态良好的细胞均匀接种到6孔板中,使转染时细胞密度为50%,转染时使用无抗生素培养液。在50 μL Opti-MEM培养液中加入200 μmol 小干扰RNA(small interfering RNA,siRNA),轻轻吹打混匀;在50 μL Opti-MEM 培液中加入5.0 μL LipofectamineTM 2000试剂,轻轻吹打混匀,并且室温静置5 min。将含有转染试剂和siRNA的培养液混合,轻轻吹打混匀,并室温静置15~20 min。将静置后的转染培养液加入6孔细胞板中,轻摇混匀。将细胞板置于37 ℃、5%CO2培养箱中培养6~8 h后更换新鲜培养液,继续培养48 h后进行验证。所用siRNA序列见表1,序列设计及合成由吉满生物科技(上海)有限公司完成。

表1   siRNA序列

Tab 1  siRNA sequences

Primer nameSequence (5'→3')
siRBX1-1GGGAUAUUGUGGUUGAUAAtt
siRBX1-2CAGACCGUGUGUUUCCAAAtt

新窗口打开| 下载CSV


1.2.3 实时荧光定量PCR

用RNA抽提试剂盒提取细胞RNA,取1 μg RNA进行反转录,得到cDNA。10 μL PCR反应体系:ChamQ SYBR qPCR Master Mix 5 μL,cDNA模板5 μL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各1 μL。每个样本设置3个复孔。上样结束后贴上透明膜并刮除气泡,离心60 s后放入定量PCR仪中按照设定程序扩增。以β-actin作为内参计算mRNA相对表达量。实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)的引物序列见表2

表2   qPCR检验的引物序列

Tab 2  Primer sequences for qPCR analysis

GeneForward (5'→3')Reverse (5'→3')
β-actinCATGTACGTTGCTATCCAGGCCTCCTTAATGTCACGCACGAT
RBX1TTGTGGTTGATAACTGTGCCATGACGCCTGGTTAGCTTGACAT
STAT1CAGCTTGACTCAAAATTCCTGGATGAAGATTACGCTTGCTTTTCCT
CXCL9TGAGAAAGGGTCGCTGTTCCTCAAACTGCTTGGCTCACCA
CXCL10GCTTCCAAGGATGGACCACAGCAGGGTCAGAACATCCACT

Note:CXCL9—C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 9; CXCL10—C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10.

新窗口打开| 下载CSV


1.2.4 Western blotting

用胰酶消化细胞,在4 ℃离心机中离心收集细胞沉淀,经PBS缓冲液清洗后用Urea蛋白裂解液在冰上裂解30 min,在4 ℃下离心获得蛋白上清液,用酶标仪进行蛋白定量后与十二烷基磺酸钠(sodium dodecyl sulfate,SDS)一起煮沸,获得蛋白样品。取30 μg的蛋白样品上样后行蛋白凝胶电泳100 min,然后将蛋白质转膜到聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)膜上。用5%牛血清白蛋白溶液室温封闭1 h,洗膜后滴加一抗,4 ℃孵育过夜。次日洗膜后滴加二抗,在室温下孵育30 min,洗膜后在凝胶成像仪中成像并记录。

1.2.5 转录组测序

转录组测序(RNA sequencing,RNA-seq)由上海派森诺生物科技股份有限公司完成,每组设置2个生物学重复。使用TRIzol法提取siRBX1干预组(转染siRBX1-1或siRBX1-2)和对照组(转染siNC)92.1细胞的RNA,每个样品约需要1 μg的总RNA。在转录组文库构建完成并质检合格后上机测序,对各组样本进行基因表达水平定量。计算每个基因的每千个碱基的转录每百万映射读取的片段数(fragments per kilobase of exon model per million mapped fragments,FPKM)值,对差异表达的基因进行基因集富集分析(gene set enrichment analysis,GSEA)。

1.2.6 药物干预

用fludarabine抑制细胞STAT1活性。以DMSO为溶剂,分别按fludarabine终浓度5 nmol/L和10 nmol/L加入细胞培养液,培养48 h后进行检测。对照组加入等体积DMSO。

1.3 统计学分析

应用GraphPad Prism 8软件进行数据的分析和处理。符合正态分布、方差齐性的定量资料的多组间比较采用方差分析,两两比较采用双尾非配对t检验。P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 RBX1在肿瘤中的临床意义

为探索RBX1在肿瘤免疫中的作用,我们首先在GEPIA数据库中检索了RBX1基因在各种肿瘤中的表达情况。图1A显示RBX1基因在多种肿瘤中高表达。分析RBX1基因的表达与各肿瘤患者总生存率(overall survival)和无病生存率(disease free survival)的关系,结果(图1B)显示RBX1的高表达是UVM和肾上腺皮质癌(adrenocortical carcinoma,ACC)患者生存的显著不利因素。为探索RBX1与肿瘤的关系,我们通过UALCAN网站检索了TCGA数据库并进行分析,结果(图2)显示UVM和ACC临床分期较晚的患者,RBX1表达水平相对更高,且RBX1高表达的患者总生存期更短。

图1

图1   RBX1 在肿瘤中的表达水平及对患者生存的影响

Note: A. Search for RBX1 expression in different tumors in GEPIA database. B. Overall survival heat map (above) and disease free survival heat map (below) of RBX1 in patients with various tumors. TPM—transcript per million; ACC—adrenocortical carcinoma; BLCA—bladder urothelial carcinoma; BRCA—breast invasive carcinoma; CESC—cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma; CHOL—cholangiocarcinoma; COAD—colon adenocarcinoma; DLBC—lymphoid neoplasm diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; ESCA—esophageal carcinoma; GBM—glioblastoma multiforme; HNSC—head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; PAAD—pancreatic adenocarcinoma; PRAD—prostate adenocarcinoma; READ—rectum adenocarcinoma; SARC—sarcoma; SKCM—skin cutaneous melanoma; STAD—stomach adenocarcinoma; TGCT—testicular germ cell tumor; THYM—thymoma; UCEC—uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma; UCS—uterine carcinosarcoma; PCPG—pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma; KICH—kidney chromophobe; KIRC—kidney renal clear cell carcinoma; KIRP—kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma; LAML—acute myeloid leukemia; LGG—brain lower grade glioma; LIHC—liver hepatocellular carcinoma; LUAD—lung adenocarcinoma; LUSC—lung squamous cell carcinoma; MESO—mesothelioma; OV—ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma; THCA—thyroid carcinoma; UVM—uveal melanoma.

Fig 1   Expression of RBX1 in tumors and its effect on patients' survival


图2

图2   RBX1 表达水平与UVMACC患者分期及总生存期的关系

Note: A. RBX1 expression levels in different stages of UVM patients (left) and overall survival curves of high expression and low expression patients (right). B. RBX1 expression levels in different stages of ACC patients (left) and overall survival curves of high expression and low expression patients (right).

Fig 2   Relationships of RBX1 expression level with stages and overall survivals of UVM and ACC patients


2.2 细胞系转染siRNARBX1 的表达变化

为探索RBX1在肿瘤免疫中的调控作用,我们选用了人UVM 92.1细胞、OMM2.3细胞和MEL290细胞为研究体系,转染siRNA,瞬时敲低RBX1。qPCR和Western blotting验证结果显示,siRBX1-1和siRBX1-2转染后92.1细胞、OMM2.3细胞和MEL290细胞中RBX1的mRNA及蛋白质表达水平均下降(图3)。

图3

图3   转染siRNAUVM细胞系中 RBX1 mRNA及蛋白的表达变化

Note:A. Expression of RBX1 in 92.1 cell line. B. Expression of RBX1 in OMM2.3 cell line. C. Expression of RBX1 in Mel290 cell line. P=0.011, P=0.016,P=0.020.

Fig 3   Expression changes of RBX1 mRNA and protein in UVM cell lines transfected with siRNA


2.3 RBX1对免疫相关基因表达的调控

为进一步探索RBX1在UVM细胞中的功能,我们选取siRBX1干预组和对照组92.1细胞进行RNA-seq。GSEA分析发现:siRBX1-1干预组和对照组相比存在608个差异基因集,其中301个基因集在siRBX1-1干预组细胞中上调;siRBX1-2干预组和对照组相比也有608个差异基因集,其中252个基因集在siRBX1-2干预组细胞中上调。分析结果显示,除了之前报道过的细胞周期调控、DNA损伤修复相关通路外,我们还观察到部分差异基因富集到一些免疫相关通路(图4A);差异基因在干扰素介导的信号通路上富集,且STAT1表达上调(图4B)。

图4

图4   92.1细胞系中敲低 RBX1 对免疫相关通路的影响

Note: A. Differential gene enrichment analysis after siRBX1-1 (left) or siRBX1-2 (right) intervention compared with siNC. B. Differential genes enriched in the interferon-mediated signaling pathway after siRBX1-1 (left) or siRBX1-2 (right) intervention compared with siNC, and the associated differential genes heat map. NES—normalized enrichment score; STAT2—signal transducer and activator of transcription 2; IL10RB—interleukin 10 receptor subunit β; IFNAR1—interferon α and β receptor subunit 1; IRF9—interferon regulatory factor 9; JAK1—Janus kinase 1; IFNGR2—interferon γ receptor 2; TYK2—tyrosine kinase 2; IFNE—interferon ε; IFNK—interferon κ; IFNGR1—interferon γ receptor 1; PIK3R1—phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1; IFNA1—interferon α1; IFNA10—interferon α10; IFNA13—interferon α13; IFNA14—interferon α14; IFNA16—interferon α16; IFNA17—interferon α17; IFNA2—interferon α2; IFNA21—interferon α21; IFNA4—interferon α4; IFNA5—interferon α5; IFNA6—interferon α6; IFNA7—interferon α7; IFNA8—interferon α8; IFNB1—interferon β1; IFNG—interferon γ; IFNL1—interferon λ1; IFNL2—interferon λ2; IFNL3—interferon λ3; IFNLR1—interferon λ receptor 1; PIK3CA—phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit α; IFNW1—interferon ω1; JAK2—Janus kinase 2; IFNAR2—interferon α and β receptor subunit 2; PRKCA—protein kinase Cα.

Fig 4   Effect of RBX1 knockdown on immune-related pathways in 92.1 cell line


已有研究报道,STAT1是由IFN-γ激活的转录调节因子17-18,可调控CXCL9和CXCL10的表达19-20。qPCR检测结果(图5A、B、C)显示,敲低RBX1后92.1、OMM2.3和MEL290细胞系的STAT1CXCL9CXCL10的mRNA表达均显著上调。Western blotting检测结果(图5D)显示,92.1细胞系中敲低RBX1后,STAT1蛋白表达和活化的p-STAT1蛋白表达水平上调。

图5

图5   RBX1UVM细胞中 STAT1 及相关基因的表达调控作用

Note:A. mRNA expression of STAT1, CXCL9, and CXCL10 in 92.1 cell line after siRBX1 intervention detected by qPCR. B. mRNA expression of STAT1, CXCL9, and CXCL10 in OMM2.3 cell line after siRBX1 intervention detected by qPCR. C. mRNA expression of STAT1, CXCL9, and CXCL10 in MEL290 cell line after siRBX1 intervention detected by qPCR. D. STAT1 and p-STAT1 protein expression levels in 92.1 cell line after siRBX1 intervention detected by Western blotting. P=0.029, P=0.009, P=0.048, P=0.045, P=0.017, P=0.006, P=0.028, P=0.047, P=0.001, P=0.000, 11P=0.018, 12P=0.043, 13P=0.019, 14P=0.002, 15P=0.025, 16P=0.012, 17P=0.033.

Fig 5   Regulation of RBX1 on STAT1 and related genes expressions in UVM cell lines


2.4 抑制STAT1CXCL9CXCL10 的表达下降

为进一步探索RBX1是否通过STAT1来调控CXCL9CXCL10的表达,使用STAT1抑制剂fludarabine进行研究。在6孔板中分别接种相同数量的OMM2.3细胞和MEL290细胞并转染siRNA干扰RBX1表达,干扰24 h后加入fludarabine(终浓度分别为5 nmol/L和10 nmol/L),并设置DMSO组作为对照组,处理48 h后通过qPCR检测STAT1下游基因CXCL9CXCL10的mRNA表达。结果(图6)显示,加入STAT1抑制剂后,siNC组的CXCL9CXCL10的表达被抑制,而siRBX1干预组的CXCL9CXCL10被抑制程度更加显著,且在高浓度fludarabine(10 nmol/L)处理下,siRBX1干预组与siNC组的CXCL9CXCL10表达水平基本一致。表明RBX1可能通过调控STAT1影响CXCL9CXCL10的表达。

图6

图6   STAT1抑制剂对 RBX1 敲低后的UVM细胞中 CXCL9CXCL10 mRNA表达的影响

Note: The RBX1 knockdown cell lines of OMM2.3 (A) and MEL290 (B) were treated with 5 nmol/L and 10 nmol/L fludarabine. The samples were collected after 48 h of dosing and qPCR was performed. P=0.002, P=0.003, P=0.041, P=0.006, P=0.004, P=0.007, P=0.000, P=0.027, P=0.012, P=0.008, 11P=0.035.

Fig 6   Effect of STAT1 inhibitor on the mRNA expression of CXCL9 and CXCL10 in UVM cell lines after RBX1 knockdown


3 讨论

由于肿瘤的异质性,RBX1在不同类型的肿瘤中发挥不同的作用。RBX1作为SCF E3泛素化连接酶的重要组成部分,参与多种肿瘤发生发展。在高级别浆液性卵巢癌(high-grade serous ovarian cancers,HGSOC)中,RBX1表达的减少诱导细胞染色体不稳定,低表达的RBX1与HGSOC患者的不良预后相关15;在肺癌细胞中,沉默RBX1基因能够诱导细胞衰老9;在肝癌细胞中,沉默RBX1可诱导细胞G2/M期停滞、细胞衰老和细胞自噬8。而RBX1在葡萄膜黑色素瘤中的作用尚未见文献报道。

在本研究中,对TCGA数据库的分析结果显示RBX1在UVM中高表达,且显著影响患者的总生存期和无病生存期,在晚期的UVM患者中表达水平更高,因此推测RBX1在UVM中可能起重要作用。沉默92.1细胞的RBX1基因后,对RNA-seq结果进行GSEA分析,结果发现RBX1除了参与细胞周期和DNA损伤修复相关通路外,在免疫相关通路上也存在调控作用。研究4-6表明,E3泛素化连接酶参与多种免疫调控,鉴于RBX1是E3泛素化连接酶的重要组成部分,我们推测RBX1在肿瘤免疫调节中也可能发挥重要功能。分析显示,92.1细胞中的RBX1被沉默后,STAT1的表达水平升高,qPCR和Western blotting的结果与RNA-seq的结果一致,提示STAT1的活性增强。在Janus激酶(Janus kinase,JAK)/STAT信号通路中,转录因子STAT1是IFN的关键效应因子,参与多种免疫反应17。在经典免疫通路中IFN-γ通过JAK使STAT1活化,激活下游免疫通路21。趋化因子CXCL9、CXCL10是介导T淋巴细胞迁移的最重要的趋化因子,已有研究19-20表明STAT1可调控CXCL9和CXCL10的表达。但RBX1沉默后CXCL9CXCL10的mRNA表达升高的机制仍不清楚。为进一步证实RBX1是否通过STAT1调控CXCL9和CXCL10的表达,我们利用STAT1的活化抑制剂fludarabine进行验证,结果显示在RBX1沉默的细胞中,原本升高的CXCL9CXCL10 mRNA在fludarabine的作用下mRNA表达被抑制,表明RBX1可通过STAT1调控CXCL9和CXCL10的表达。由于本研究仅在转录水平上进行验证,因此仍不能确定RBX1是否通过其泛素化作用调控STAT1,未来仍需进一步研究。另外,本研究为体外细胞实验,RBX1在体内对免疫相关基因的调控作用仍需进一步验证。

综上所述,RBX1在UVM细胞中可能通过STAT1调控CXCL9和CXCL10的表达,在免疫调控中有重要作用,为UVM的靶向治疗提供了潜在的选择。

作者贡献声明

周晓雯、李倩负责实验操作,张哲负责数据分析,沈键锋负责实验设计,周晓雯、沈键锋、范先群参与论文的写作和修改。所有作者均阅读并同意了最终稿件的提交。

AUTHOR's CONTRIBUTIONS

The experiments were completed by ZHOU Xiaowen and LI Qian. Data was analyzed by ZHANG Zhe. The study was designed by SHEN Jianfeng. ZHOU Xiaowen, SHEN Jianfeng and FAN Xianqun drafted and revised the manuscript. All the authors have read the last version of paper and consented for submission.

利益冲突声明

所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。

COMPETING INTERESTS

All authors disclose no relevant conflict of interests.

参考文献

GÜRTLER C, BOWIE A G. Innate immune detection of microbial nucleic acids[J]. Trends Microbiol, 2013, 21(8): 413-420.

[本文引用: 1]

WU J X, CHEN Z J. Innate immune sensing and signaling of cytosolic nucleic acids[J]. Annu Rev Immunol, 2014, 32: 461-488.

[本文引用: 1]

JIANG X M, CHEN Z J. The role of ubiquitylation in immune defence and pathogen evasion[J]. Nat Rev Immunol, 2011, 12(1): 35-48.

[本文引用: 1]

LEI C Q, ZHONG B, ZHANG Y, et al. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β regulates IRF3 transcription factor-mediated antiviral response via activation of the kinase TBK1[J]. Immunity, 2010, 33(6): 878-889.

[本文引用: 2]

ARTHUR J S C, LEY S C. Mitogen-activated protein kinases in innate immunity[J]. Nat Rev Immunol, 2013, 13(9): 679-692.

[本文引用: 1]

LIU J, QIAN C, CAO X T. Post-translational modification control of innate immunity[J]. Immunity, 2016, 45(1): 15-30.

[本文引用: 2]

ENCHEV R I, SCHULMAN B A, PETER M. Protein neddylation: beyond cullin-RING ligases[J]. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 2015, 16(1): 30-44.

[本文引用: 1]

YANG D, LI L, LIU H, et al. Induction of autophagy and senescence by knockdown of ROC1 E3 ubiquitin ligase to suppress the growth of liver cancer cells[J]. Cell Death Differ, 2013, 20(2): 235-247.

[本文引用: 2]

JIA L J, SOENGAS M S, SUN Y. ROC1/RBX1 E3 ubiquitin ligase silencing suppresses tumor cell growth via sequential induction of G2-M arrest, apoptosis, and senescence[J]. Cancer Res, 2009, 69(12): 4974-4982.

[本文引用: 2]

ZHANG J Y, LI S, SHANG Z Y, et al. Targeting the overexpressed ROC1 induces G2 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in esophageal cancer cells[J]. Oncotarget, 2017, 8(17): 29125-29137.

CHEN P, LUO X T, CHE Z H, et al. Targeting of the C-Jun/BCL-XL/P21 axis accelerates the switch from senescence to apoptosis upon ROC1 knockdown in gastric cancer cells[J]. Cell Physiol Biochem, 2018, 48(3): 1123-1138.

WU Q, ZHOU X Q, LI P, et al. ROC1 promotes the malignant progression of bladder cancer by regulating p-IκBα/NF-κB signaling[J]. J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2021, 40(1): 158.

[本文引用: 1]

SHAO J, FENG Q, JIANG W F, et al. E3 ubiquitin ligase RBX1 drives the metastasis of triple negative breast cancer through a FBXO45-TWIST1-dependent degradation mechanism[J]. Aging, 2022, 14(13): 5493-5510.

[本文引用: 1]

XING R, CHEN K B, XUAN Y, et al. RBX1 expression is an unfavorable prognostic factor in patients with non-small cell lung cancer[J]. Surg Oncol, 2016, 25(3): 147-151.

[本文引用: 1]

BUNGSY M, PALMER M C L, JEUSSET L M, et al. Reduced RBX1 expression induces chromosome instability and promotes cellular transformation in high-grade serous ovarian cancer precursor cells[J]. Cancer Lett, 2021, 500: 194-207.

[本文引用: 2]

JAGER M J, SHIELDS C L, CEBULLA C M, et al. Uveal melanoma[J]. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 2020, 6(1): 24.

[本文引用: 1]

TOLOMEO M, CAVALLI A, CASCIO A. STAT1 and its crucial role in the control of viral infections[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2022, 23(8): 4095.

[本文引用: 2]

STARK G R, DARNELL J E Jr. The JAK-STAT pathway at twenty[J]. Immunity, 2012, 36(4): 503-514.

[本文引用: 1]

JANDL K, MARSH L M, MUTGAN A C, et al. Impairment of the NKT-STAT1-CXCL9 axis contributes to vessel fibrosis in pulmonary hypertension caused by lung fibrosis[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2022, 206(8): 981-998.

[本文引用: 2]

SHANG S, YANG Y W, CHEN F, et al. TRIB3 reduces CD8+ T cell infiltration and induces immune evasion by repressing the STAT1-CXCL10 axis in colorectal cancer[J]. Sci Transl Med, 2022, 14(626): eabf0992.

[本文引用: 2]

BACH E A, AGUET M, SCHREIBER R D. The IFN gamma receptor: a paradigm for cytokine receptor signaling[J]. Annu Rev Immunol, 1997, 15: 563-591.

[本文引用: 1]

/