In some early classical emotional theories, psychologist JAMES has proposed that emotions are the perception of physiological changes in the body, i.e., physiological changes (such as rapid heartbeat) occur before emotions such as fear and tension. Later, researchers defined the human body's ability to perceive internal physiological signals (such as heartbeat, breathing and gastrointestinal peristalsis) as interoception, in which behavioral evaluation of heartbeat perception has received extensive attention. At present, it is generally accepted that interoception can be measured in three dimensions, i.e., accuracy, sensitivity and awareness. Several studies have shown that interoception is highly correlated with the intensity of emotional experience, and the changes in interoception can also be observed in the clinical groups suffering from anxiety disorder, depression disorder, schizophrenia and other mental disorders. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and other techniques, the researchers has found that the insula may be the center of interoception, which overlaps with the active brain regions of emotional experience, providing the neuroanatomical evidence for the emotional theory. Recently, more and more studies focus on the field of interoception, but the published domestic reviews mostly concentrated on psychology without connection with clinical practice. Therefore, this paper comprehensively reviews the interoceptive dimensions, measurement methods, research techniques and clinical researches based on heartbeat perception, and prospects the research directions of interoception.
