上海交通大学学报(医学版), 2025, 45(11): 1443-1457 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2025.11.004

论著 · 基础研究

LINC01123通过结合ENO1促进胃癌的增殖和糖酵解

张舒琼1,2,3,4,∗, 柯星1,∗, 赵兴贺1, 陈晓翠1, 郑浩东1, 陈惠1, 沈立松,1,2,3, 杨俊瑶,1,3,5

1.上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院检验科,上海 200092

2.上海交通大学医学院医学技术学院医学检验技术系,上海 200025

3.上海市实验医学研究院智慧医学研究所,上海 200092

4.广东省深圳市第二人民医院检验科,深圳 518035

5.上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院临床研究中心,上海 200092

LINC01123 promotes proliferation and glycolysis of gastric cancer via binding to ENO1

ZHANG Shuqiong1,2,3,4,∗, KE Xing1,∗, ZHAO Xinghe1, CHEN Xiaocui1, ZHENG Haodong1, CHEN Hui1, SHEN Lisong,1,2,3, YANG Junyao,1,3,5

1.Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China

2.Faculty of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Health Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China

3.Institute of Artificial Intelligence Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Experimental Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China

4.Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Second People′s Hospital, Guangdong Province, Shenzhen 518035, China

5.Clinical Research Unit, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China

通讯作者: 沈立松,教授,博士;电子信箱:lisongshen@hotmail.com杨俊瑶,副研究员,博士;电子信箱:yangjunyao@xinhuamed.com.cn。

第一联系人: 为共同第一作者(co-first authors)。

编委: 崔黎明

收稿日期: 2025-05-29   接受日期: 2025-06-30  

基金资助: 国家自然科学基金.  81802082
国家自然科学基金.  81672363
上海市科技创新行动计划自然科学基金.  21ZR1441500
上海交通大学医工交叉项目.  YG2025QNB48
上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院院级临床研究创新基金项目.  24XHCR04B

Corresponding authors: SHEN Lisong, E-mail:lisongshen@hotmail.comYANG Junyao, E-mail:yangjunyao@xinhuamed.com.cn.

Received: 2025-05-29   Accepted: 2025-06-30  

Fund supported: National Natural Science Foundation of China.  81802082.  81672363
Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan.  21ZR1441500
Medical Engineering Cross Fund of Shanghai Jiao Tong University.  YG2025QNB48
Hospital Funded Clinical Research, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine.  24XHCR04B

摘要

目的·研究长链非编码RNA LINC01123在胃癌中的表达及其促进肿瘤进展的作用机制,探讨LINC01123成为一种新的胃癌诊断标志物和治疗靶点的可能性。方法·基于癌症基因组图谱(The Cancer Genome Atlas,TCGA)和基因表达综合(Gene Expression Omnibus,GEO)数据库(GSE95667、GSE99416)分析胃癌组织与正常组织中lncRNA的表达差异,使用R语言筛选并确定研究对象LINC01123。利用qRT-PCR验证LINC01123在胃癌细胞系及组织样本中的表达水平。通过基因过表达及敲减,利用CCK-8、克隆形成、划痕实验以及Transwell迁移与侵袭实验体外评估LINC01123对细胞增殖和转移能力的影响;构建裸鼠皮下成瘤模型,观察LINC01123对肿瘤生长的促进作用;检测ATP和乳酸浓度以验证LINC01123对糖酵解的调控能力。进一步通过转录物组测序及基因集富集分析(Gene Set Enrichment Analysis,GSEA)探索其可能参与的分子通路。RNA pull-down联合质谱分析初步筛选LINC01123结合蛋白,结合catRAPID数据库预测并通过蛋白质截断突变体和RNA免疫沉淀(RNA immunoprecipitation,RIP)实验确定关键结合区域;通过功能相互作用实验明确α-烯醇化酶(α-enolase,ENO1)是否介导LINC01123的促肿瘤效应。结果·LINC01123在胃癌组织和细胞中显著高表达,并与患者的不良预后密切相关(P=0.021)。功能实验表明,LINC01123显著促进胃癌细胞如MKN-45细胞的增殖、迁移、侵袭和糖酵解,且在裸鼠体内促进肿瘤生长(均P<0.05)。机制研究显示,LINC01123主要定位于细胞质,并可与ENO1蛋白的第97~237位氨基酸区域直接结合。进一步发现,在LINC01123过表达胃癌细胞中联合敲减ENO1,部分逆转LINC01123介导的胃癌细胞如MKN-45的促增殖和促迁移效应(均P<0.05),提示ENO1增加可增强LINC01123的在胃癌进展中的促进作用。结论·LINC01123在胃癌中呈高表达,并通过与ENO1蛋白结合促进细胞增殖、转移和糖酵解,进而促进肿瘤进展。其有望作为胃癌的新型诊断和预后生物标志物及治疗靶点。

关键词: LINC01123 ; 胃癌 ; α-烯醇化酶 ; 长链非编码RNA ; 增殖

Abstract

Objective ·To investigate the expression and tumor-promoting mechanism of the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) LINC01123 in gastric cancer and evaluate its potential as a novel diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target. Methods ·Differential expression analysis of lncRNAs between gastric cancer and normal tissues was performed based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets (GSE95667, GSE99416) by using R software. LINC01123 was identified as the candidate of interest. Its expression was validated in gastric cancer cell lines and clinical tissue samples by using qRT-PCR. The biological effects of LINC01123 on cell proliferation and metastasis were evaluated in vitro through gene overexpression and knockdown by utilizing CCK-8, colony formation, wound healing, and Transwell migration and invasion assays. In vivo, a subcutaneous xenograft tumor model in nude mice was established to assess the effect of LINC01123 on tumor growth. ATP and lactate production were measured to evaluate the role of LINC01123 in glycolysis. Transcriptome sequencing and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) were conducted to explore related pathways. RNA pull-down combined with mass spectrometry was used to identify proteins interacting with LINC01123. The binding region was predicted using the catRAPID database and validated by constructing α-enolase (ENO1) protein truncation mutants and performing RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays. Functional interaction studies were carried out to determine whether ENO1 mediates the oncogenic effect of LINC01123. Results ·LINC01123 was upregulated in gastric cancer tissues and cell lines and was associated with poor patient prognosis (P=0.021). Functional assays demonstrated that LINC01123 promoted proliferation, migration, invasion, and glycolysis of gastric cancer cells such as MKN-45 in vitro, and enhanced tumor growth in vivo (all P<0.05). Mechanistically, LINC01123 was predominantly localized in the cytoplasm and bound to the 97‒237 amino acid region of ENO1 protein. Further studies showed that ENO1 knockdown in LINC01123-overexpressing cells partially reversed the proliferative and migratory effects of LINC01123 (all P<0.05) , indicating that ENO1 upregulation enhances the tumor-promoting function of LINC01123. Conclusion ·LINC01123 is highly expressed in gastric cancer and promotes tumor progression by binding to ENO1 protein and enhancing proliferation, migration, invasion, and glycolysis. LINC01123 holds promise as a novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for gastric cancer.

Keywords: LINC01123 ; gastric cancer ; α-enolase ; long non-coding RNA ; proliferation

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本文引用格式

张舒琼, 柯星, 赵兴贺, 陈晓翠, 郑浩东, 陈惠, 沈立松, 杨俊瑶. LINC01123通过结合ENO1促进胃癌的增殖和糖酵解. 上海交通大学学报(医学版)[J], 2025, 45(11): 1443-1457 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2025.11.004

ZHANG Shuqiong, KE Xing, ZHAO Xinghe, CHEN Xiaocui, ZHENG Haodong, CHEN Hui, SHEN Lisong, YANG Junyao. LINC01123 promotes proliferation and glycolysis of gastric cancer via binding to ENO1. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Medical Science)[J], 2025, 45(11): 1443-1457 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2025.11.004

胃癌是常见的胃肠道肿瘤,尽管近年筛查和治疗手段不断进步,其仍然是严重威胁人类健康的重要疾病之一[1-2]。根据世界卫生组织国际癌症研究机构(World Health Organization-International Agency for Research on Cancer,WHO-IARC)发布的2020年全球癌症发病与死亡评估,胃癌在全球发病率中排第5位,死亡率中排第3位[3-5]。因此,筛选出有效的生物标志物用于胃癌的诊断、预后和治疗具有重要意义。

长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)是指长度超过200个核苷酸的RNA分子[6],存在于细胞核和细胞质中。lncRNA通过与RNA、DNA及蛋白质相互作用,参与多种生物学过程,并在多种疾病进展中发挥重要作用,因此成为了近年来研究的热点[7-8]。LINC01123(NCBI参考序列:NR_046110.1)是一种长度为2 519 bp的转录本,位于人类2号染色体上(109 987 063~109 996 140),包含4个外显子。已有研究[9-15]表明,LINC01123在非小细胞肺癌、肝癌、结直肠癌及乳腺癌中促进肿瘤发生与发展。

α-烯醇化酶(alpha-enolase,ENO1)参与糖酵解的第4步,可将D-甘油醛-3-磷酸转化为丙酮酸[16]。除糖酵解外,ENO1还参与细胞增殖、耐受缺氧和免疫应答等多种生物过程[17-18]。有趣的是,已有研究报道lncRNA能够与ENO1相互作用,影响其表达或酶活性,进而促进肿瘤发展[19-20]。例如,AL355338可以调控ENO1与表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)的相互作用,从而激活非小细胞肺癌中的表皮生长因子受体-蛋白激酶B(epidermal growth factor receptor-protein kinase B,EGFR-AKT)信号通路[19];另外,lncRNA-6195通过结合ENO1抑制其酶活性,从而抑制肝细胞癌细胞的能量代谢[20]。

本研究利用癌症基因组图谱(The Cancer Genome Atlas,TCGA)和基因表达综合(Gene Expression Omnibus,GEO)数据库,结合R软件进行生物信息学分析,并利用胃癌细胞和裸鼠模型探究LINC01123在胃癌进展中的具体机制,期冀获得潜在的分子标志物用于胃癌的诊断、预后与治疗。

1 材料与方法

1.1 主要试剂和仪器

RIPA裂解液、DEPC水、蛋白酶抑制剂混合物、10% SDS、嘌呤霉素二盐酸盐、QuickBlock™ Western封闭液、Western转膜液、SDS-PAGE蛋白上样缓冲液、Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK-8)、结晶紫染色液、增强型ATP检测试剂盒均购自上海碧云天生物技术有限公司;Trizol试剂、Lipofectamine 3000转染试剂、Pierce™磁性RNA-蛋白Pull-Down试剂盒购自Thermo Fisher Scientific(美国);MycAway™支原体清除试剂及Hieff® qPCR SYBR® Green Master Mix(High Rox Plus)购自上海翊圣生物科技有限公司;0.25%胰酶+0.02% EDTA溶液及PBS购自杭州吉诺生物科技有限公司;高糖DMEM培养基购自HyClone(美国);预混型定量用反转录试剂盒购自TAKARA(日本);胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum,FBS)购自上海聚顶生物科技有限公司;Magna RIP® RNA结合蛋白沉淀试剂盒购自Merck(德国);乳酸检测试剂盒购自南京建成生物工程研究所有限公司;8.0 µm孔径细胞培养小室及Matrigel侵袭小室购自Corning(美国)。重组抗ENO1抗体(ab227978)购自Abcam(英国);抗GAPDH抗体(AC002)购自武汉爱博泰克生物科技有限公司。DYKDDDDK标签(D6W5B)兔单克隆抗体[DYKDDDDK Tag(D6W5B)Rabbit mAb]购自Cell Signaling Technology(美国)。

倒置显微镜(Olympus,日本),7900HT型实时定量PCR仪(ABI,美国),微量核酸蛋白测定仪NanoDrop2000c(Thermo Fisher Scientific,美国),高速组织研磨仪(武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司),共聚焦激光扫描显微镜(Nikon,日本)。

1.2 数据来源与生物信息学分析

从TCGA下载375例胃腺癌(stomach adenocarcinoma,STAD)组织样本及32例正常对照组织的RNA表达谱和临床数据。患者生存分析使用Kaplan-Meier法与Log-rank检验。从GEO数据库下载GSE95667(3对胃癌和癌旁组织)和GSE99416(6对胃癌和癌旁组织)的微阵列数据进行生物信息学分析。使用UALCAN数据库(http://ualcan.path.uab.edu)对LINC01123在多种肿瘤类型以及不同临床分期及组织学亚型胃癌中的表达水平进行分析。

为探究LINC01123对下游通路的调控作用,使用GSEA 4.3.2软件(Broad Institute,美国;https://www.gsea-msigdb.org)对转录物组数据进行基因集富集分析(Gene Set Enrichment Analysis,GSEA)。将转录物组测序获得的差异表达基因按log2[差异倍数(fold change)]排序,分别导入MSigDB数据库中的“h.all.v7.5.1.symbols.gmt”(Hallmark gene sets)和“c2.cp.kegg.v7.5.1.symbols.gmt”(KEGG gene sets)进行富集分析。采用默认参数设置,置换次数为1 000次。以假发现率(false discovery rate,FDR)<0.25和名义P值(nominal P-value,NOM P-value)<0.05为差异有统计学意义的标准,筛选与LINC01123高表达显著相关的信号通路。

1.3 临床组织样本

收集在上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院接受外科手术治疗的25例胃癌患者的肿瘤及邻近非肿瘤组织样本。所有组织采集后立即置于液氮中冷冻,并存储于-80 ℃后续用于RNA提取。

1.4 细胞培养与转染

人正常胃黏膜上皮细胞GES-1,人胃腺癌细胞系MKN-45、AGS,人未分化型胃癌细胞HGC-27和人胚胎肾细胞(293T细胞)购自中国科学院上海生命科学研究院细胞库。使用高糖DMEM培养基(含10% FBS、100 U/mL青霉素和100 μg/mL链霉素)在含5% CO₂、37 ℃的细胞培养箱中培养。

选取MKN-45和AGS细胞,转染表达短发夹RNA(short hairpin RNA,shRNA)的慢病毒构建LINC01123敲减模型(sh-LINC01123),并设置阴性对照(sh-NC)。向MKN-45和HGC-27细胞分别转染过表达慢病毒载体pLV-LINC01123,构建LINC01123过表达模型(pLV-LINC01123),并设置空载对照(Vector)。在MKN-45和HGC-27细胞中,使用Lipofectamine 3000将ENO1小干扰RNA(ENO1siRNA,siENO1)和对照siRNA(si-NC)转染至过表达LINC01123的胃癌细胞中,构建过表达LINC01123联合ENO1敲减的模型;设置Vector+si-NC组、pLV-LINC01123+ si-NC组、pLV-LINC01123+ siENO1组。慢病毒载体均购自上海吉凯基因化学有限公司。siRNA和shRNA序列见表1。

表1   慢病毒载体构建使用的敲减序列

Tab 1  Knockdown sequences for lentiviral vector construction

GeneSequence (5′→3′)
si-LINC01123
SenseTTCTCTTTATTTTTATACAGT
AntisenseACTGTATAAAAATAAAGAGAA
si-ENO1
SenseCCCAGUGGUGUCUAUCGAATT
AntisenseUUCGAUAGACACCACUGGGTT
si-NC
SenseUUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGU
AntisenseACGUGACACGUUCGGAGAA
sh-LINC01123CCGGTTCTCTTTATTTTTATACAGTCTCGAGACTGTATAAAAATAAAGAGAATTTTTG
sh-NCTTCTCCGAACGTGTCACGT

新窗口打开| 下载CSV


转染48 h后收集细胞,用于后续的实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR,qRT-PCR)及蛋白质印迹法(Western blotting)分析。

1.5 qRT-PCR

使用TRIzol试剂提取细胞及组织样本的总RNA。采用PrimeScript™ RT Master Mix(Perfect Real Time)试剂盒进行反转录。反应体系为10 μL,包括:2 μL 5×PrimeScript RT Master Mix、500 ng RNA,使用无RNA酶水补足至10 μL。反应程序:37 ℃孵育15 min,85 ℃加热5 s。随后立即终止反应并将合成的cDNA保存于-20 ℃,备用。

qRT-PCR使用Hieff® qPCR SYBR Green Master Mix(High Rox Plus)试剂盒。反应体系总量为20 μL,包括:10 μL SYBR Green Master Mix、0.4 μL上游引物(10 μmol/L)、0.4 μL下游引物(10 μmol/L)、2 μL cDNA模板和7.2 μL无菌超纯水。PCR扩增程序:95 ℃预变性5 min;随后进行40个循环(95 ℃变性10 s,60 ℃退火20 s,72 ℃延伸20 s);最后进行熔解曲线分析(95 ℃ 15 s,60 ℃ 60 s,95 ℃ 15 s)。扩增反应在7900HT实时定量PCR仪上进行。引物序列见表2。

表2   qRT-PCR引物序列

Tab 2  Primers sequences for qRT-PCR

GeneSequence (5′→3′)
LINC01123
ForwardACAGTGGCCGCACGCATAGCTG
ReverseCTGACGACCGAGGTGACAACGATGA
ENO1
ForwardGCCTCCTGCTCAAAGTCAAC
ReverseAACGATGAGACACCATGACG
GAPDH
ForwardTTGGTATCGTGGAAGGACTCA
ReverseTGTCATCATATTTGGCAGGTTT
U6
ForwardCGCTTCGGCAGCACATATAC
ReverseTTCACGAATTTGCGTGTCATC

新窗口打开| 下载CSV


1.6 Western blotting

使用RIPA裂解液提取等量蛋白质,经10% SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)分离后转膜至PVDF膜。膜在室温封闭1 h,4 ℃下一抗孵育过夜。一抗包括DYKDDDDK标签(D6W5B)兔单克隆抗体[DYKDDDDK Tag(D6W5B)Rabbit mAb](稀释度1∶1 000)、重组抗ENO1抗体(稀释度1∶1 000)、抗GAPDH抗体(稀释度为1∶5 000)。孵育完成后,用PBST缓冲液清洗3次,每次5 min。加入LI-COR红外荧光标记的抗兔/抗鼠IgG二抗,室温下避光孵育1 h,再次用PBST缓冲液清洗3次。采用Odyssey成像系统采集图像并分析条带强度。

1.7 克隆形成实验和CCK-8实验

转染后按2 000个/孔将各组细胞接种于6孔板中。培养14 d后,结晶紫染色,计数克隆数,使用Canon EOS 850D单反相机拍照记录。将细胞按2 500个/孔接种于96孔板中,分别在第1、3、5日,加入10 μL CCK-8试剂,于37 ℃孵育1 h后在450 nm波长下测定吸光度值。

1.8 划痕愈合实验

转染后将细胞接种于12孔板中,培养至单层细胞长满后,使用200 μL枪头在孔板底部垂直划线。分别于0 h和48 h拍照。PBS洗涤2次后加入1 mL新鲜培养基,使用Olympus倒置显微镜拍照,并用Image J软件计算细胞迁移率。

1.9 Transwell迁移与侵袭实验

使用孔径0.8 μm的Transwell小室检测细胞迁移和侵袭能力。侵袭实验在上室涂覆Matrigel 12 h后进行。将5×10⁴个转染处理过的细胞用200 μL无血清培养基重悬后加入上室,下室加入含10% FBS的培养基作为趋化剂,置于37 ℃孵育24 h。取出小室后,去除培养基,PBS洗涤2次,棉签轻拭去未迁移细胞,4%多聚甲醛固定15 min,PBS洗涤2次,结晶紫染色30 min。再次PBS洗涤并晾干,Olympus倒置显微镜拍照并计数细胞数。

1.10 小鼠皮下成瘤实验

10只4周龄雄性BALB/c裸鼠购自上海西普尔-必凯实验动物有限公司,动物生产许可证为SCXK(沪)2018‑0006,动物使用许可证为SYXK(沪)2018-0038。将4×10⁶个转染sh-LINC01123或对照sh-NC慢病毒的MKN-45细胞注射至裸鼠左侧腹部皮下,每组5只小鼠。每2 d观察1次肿瘤生长情况,1周左右开始出现可见肿瘤,每3 d用游标卡尺测量肿瘤大小。3周后,腹腔注射戊巴比妥钠(50 mg/kg)充分麻醉裸鼠,待无痛反应并确认深度麻醉后,采用颈椎脱臼法实施安乐死。计算肿瘤体积(公式:体积=0.5×宽度2×长度),并称量肿瘤质量。

1.11 RNA牵拉沉淀

使用TranscriptAid T7高产转录试剂盒,利用pcDNA3.1-LINC01123载体(购自上海吉凯基因化学有限公司)合成LINC01123。RNA牵拉沉淀(pull-down)实验采用Pierce™ 磁性RNA-蛋白Pull-Down试剂盒完成。洗脱的蛋白通过10% SDS-PAGE分离,并用快速银染试剂盒染色。差异条带剪切后送上海欧易生物医学科技有限公司使用Q Exactive质谱仪(ThermoFisher,美国)进行蛋白质谱分析。

1.12 RNA免疫沉淀

使用Magna RIP® RNA结合蛋白沉淀试剂盒根据说明书进行RNA免疫沉淀(RNA immunoprecipitation,RIP)实验。过表达ENO1和带有FLAG标签的ENO1蛋白截断体(利用catRAPID数据库预测并设计不同ENO1截断体)的293T细胞分别裂解后,裂解液与磁珠孵育,4 ℃旋转过夜。洗涤磁珠6次后,加蛋白酶K裂解提取RNA,经酚-三氯甲烷抽提并乙醇沉淀纯化。最终获得的RNA溶于无RNA酶水中,通过qRT-PCR检测免疫沉淀RNA中是否包含LINC01123。

1.13 荧光原位杂交

采用特异性设计的LINC01123探针(5′-DIG-CCCTTGCATGGTACACTTGAAATAGATGGGCTGGA-DIG-3′)进行荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)检测。胃癌MKN-45细胞爬片后用4%多聚甲醛固定15 min,并用PBS清洗。经0.1% Triton X-100渗透5 min后,加入蛋白酶K(20 μg/mL)于37 ℃孵育10 min。洗涤后加预杂交液,37 ℃孵育1 h。用含LINC01123探针(1 μmol/L)的杂交液,42 ℃湿盒中杂交过夜。杂交后依次使用2×盐-柠檬酸钠缓冲液(saline-sodium citrate buffer,SSC)、1×SSC、0.5×SSC缓冲液梯度洗涤。加入兔血清封闭30 min,接着加入抗辣根过氧化物酶标记的抗地高辛抗体,37 ℃孵育40 min,PBS洗涤后用酪胺信号放大系统显色。DAPI复染细胞核8 min。使用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜采集图像,检测探针定位。

1.14 ATP与乳酸测定

细胞转染后使用增强型ATP检测试剂盒和乳酸检测试剂盒检测ATP及乳酸产量。用化学发光仪测定相对发光单位(relative light units,RLU),计算ATP浓度。使用酶标仪于530 nm波长检测吸光度,计算乳酸浓度。

1.15 细胞核与细胞质组分提取

为了探究LINC01123在不同胃癌细胞组分中的分布,采用PARIS™试剂盒(Ambion,美国)提取MKN-45、AGS、HGC-27细胞核与细胞质组分。细胞经PBS清洗后,胰酶消化并终止反应,离心收集细胞。加入预冷的细胞分离缓冲液裂解细胞,4 ℃下500×g离心分离细胞质组分。保留上清液,沉淀经缓冲液清洗后加入细胞核裂解液充分裂解,获得细胞核组分。两部分样品分别进行RNA提取,通过混合裂解/结合溶液和乙醇后上柱纯化,依次使用洗涤液1和洗涤液2/3清洗,最后以95~100 ℃预热的洗脱液洗脱RNA。使用NanoDrop 2000c测定RNA浓度与纯度。分别使用U6和GAPDH作为内参基因,通过qRT-PCR检测LINC01123在细胞核和细胞质的表达水平。

1.16 转录物组测序分析

将MKN-45细胞接种于6孔板中,分别转染si-NC或si-LINC01123(每组3个重复孔),转染24 h后进行转录物组测序分析。转录物组测序由上海欧易生物医学科技有限公司使用Illumina HiSeq 4000平台完成。测序数据经fastp软件进行质量控制;使用HISAT2软件将高质量数据比对至人参考基因组(hg38);采用featureCounts工具进行基因计数;采用DESeq2软件进行差异表达分析,设定阈值为|log2 fold change|≥1.5和调整后P值(FDR)<0.05。获得的差异表达基因(differentially expressed gene,DEG)进行基因本体论(Gene Ontology,GO)和京都基因和基因组数据库(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes,KEGG)通路富集分析。

1.17 统计学分析

使用R软件(版本4.3.1)或GraphPad Prism 8.0软件进行数据分析。定量资料以x±s表示。组间差异采用Student t检验或单因素方差分析(ANOVA)及Tukey多重比较检验。P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 LINC01123在胃癌中上调并与患者生存相关

分析TCGA-STAD数据库中375例胃癌组织样本和32例正常组织样本的转录物组测序数据,同时也下载GSE95667和GSE99416的微阵列数据,使用R语言进行生物信息学分析。以|fold change|>1.5和P<0.05为筛选标准,最终筛选出12个在胃癌组织中上调的lncRNA,包括:LINC01123、LINC00858、DUXAP8、CASC9、CASC19、DLGAP1-AS2、TRIM31-AS1、AC093732.1、AFAP1-AS1、PRR7-AS1、LINC00346和BBOX1-AS1(图1A)。另有2个lncRNA(LHX5-AS1和AC008268.1)在胃癌组织中下调(图1B)。火山图展示了TCGA-STAD数据库中胃癌组织与正常组织间差异表达的lncRNA(图1C)。

图1

图1   LINC01123在胃癌中的高表达及不良预后关联

Note: A/B. Venn diagrams illustrating the overlap of upregulated (A) and downregulated (B) long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) identified in the TCGA-STAD, GSE95667, and GSE99416 datasets. C. Volcano plot depicting differentially expressed lncRNAs in the TCGA-STAD dataset. D. LINC01123 expression was significantly upregulated in gastric cancer cell lines. E. LINC01123 expression was significantly upregulated in gastric cancer tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues. F. Expression of LINC01123 across different cancer types in TCGA. G. UALCAN analysis showing that LINC01123 was upregulated in STAD tissues. H. LINC01123 expression in different TNM stages of gastric cancer. I. LINC01123 expression profile based on tumor histology. J. Kaplan-Meier analysis showing that high LINC01123 expression was associated with poor overall survival in TCGA-STAD patients. K. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) comparing high and low LINC01123 expression groups. ①P=0.011, ②P=0.002, ③P=0.007, compared with GES-1; ④P<0.001, ⑤P=0.004, compared with Normal.

Fig 1   Overexpression of LINC01123 in gastric cancer and its association with poor prognosis


在评估各差异表达lncRNA的表达水平后,选择LINC01123进行进一步研究。结果显示,LINC01123在胃癌细胞系AGS、MKN-45、HGC-27中的表达高于正常胃黏膜细胞系GES-1(图1D)。

进一步分析发现,胃癌组织(n=25)中LINC01123的表达水平高于配对的癌旁非癌组织(图1E)。UALCAN数据库分析结果也显示,LINC01123在多种肿瘤类型[如胆管癌(CHOL)、结肠腺癌(COAD)]中的表达显著上调(图1F),在胃癌(STAD)中同样高水平表达(图1G)。此外,LINC01123在胃癌不同TNM分期(第1~4期)中的表达均显著高于正常胃组织(图1H),且在多种胃癌亚型中[未特指型腺癌(AdenoNOS)、弥漫型腺癌(AdenoDiffuse)、印戒细胞癌(AdenoSignetRing)、肠型未特指腺癌(IntAdenoNOS)、肠型管状腺癌(IntAdenoTubular)、肠型黏液腺癌(IntAdenoMucinous)和肠型乳头状腺癌(IntAdenoPapillary)]均较正常胃组织呈现上调趋势(图1I)。Kaplan-Meier生存分析表明,LINC01123高表达与胃癌患者较短的总生存期相关(P=0.021,图1J)。

通过GSEA进一步探究LINC01123的潜在生物学功能,结果显示,LINC01123高表达组富集于细胞外基质受体相互作用(ECM receptor interaction)、细胞黏附分子(cell adhesion molecule,CAM)和DNA复制等相关通路(图1K),提示LINC01123可能参与调控细胞外基质以及细胞黏附、迁移和增殖等过程。

2.2 LINC01123在体外促进胃癌细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭

胃癌细胞分别转染sh-LINC01123干扰慢病毒或LINC01123过表达慢病毒,使用qRT-PCR验证转染效率。sh-LINC01123显著下调了LINC01123的表达(图2A),而LINC01123过表达则成功上调了LINC01123的表达(图3A)。

图2

图2   LINC01123敲低对胃癌细胞体外增殖、迁移和侵袭的抑制作用

Note: A. qRT-PCR assay demonstrated that sh-LINC01123 lentivirus effectively altered LINC01123 expression. B/C. CCK-8 assay (B) and colony-formation assay (C) showed the effects of knockdown of LINC01123 on cell proliferation. D/E. Wound healing assay (D) and Transwell migration assay (E) were performed to detect the migration ability of MKN-45 and AGS cells after knockdown of LINC01123. F. Transwell invasion assay was conducted to assess the effects of LINC01123 knockdown on cell invasion. ①P=0.030, ②P=0.011, ③P<0.001, ④P=0.010, ⑤P=0.020, ⑥P=0.009, ⑦P=0.005, ⑧P=0.007, compared with sh-NC.

Fig 2   Inhibitory effects of LINC01123 knockdown on gastric cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro


图3

图3   LINC01123过表达对胃癌细胞体外增殖、迁移和侵袭的促进作用

Note: A. qRT-PCR assay demonstrated that LINC01123 overexpression lentivirus effectively altered LINC01123 expression. B/C. CCK-8 assay (B) and colony-formation assay (C) showed the effects of overexpression of LINC01123 on cell proliferation. D. Wound healing assay was performed to detect the migration ability of MKN-45 and HGC-27 cells after the overexpression of LINC01123. E. Transwell migration assay was performed to detect the migration ability of MKN-45 and HGC-27 cells after the overexpression of LINC01123. F. Transwell invasion assay was conducted to assess the effects of knockdown or overexpression of LINC01123 on cell invasion. ①P<0.001, ②P=0.006, ③P=0.007, ④P=0.010, ⑤P=0.020, ⑥P=0.009, ⑦P=0.030, ⑧P=0.002, ⑨P=0.005, compared with Vector.

Fig 3   Promotive effects of LINC01123 overexpression on gastric cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro


CCK-8实验和克隆形成实验结果显示,敲低LINC01123能够抑制胃癌细胞的增殖(图2B、C),而过表达LINC01123则促进胃癌细胞增殖(图3B、C)。划痕愈合实验和Transwell迁移实验表明,敲低LINC01123抑制了AGS和MKN-45细胞的迁移能力(图2D、E),而过表达LINC01123则促进了MKN-45和HGC-27细胞的迁移能力(图3D、E)。Transwell侵袭实验结果表明,敲低LINC01123削弱了胃癌细胞的侵袭能力(图2F),而LINC01123过表达则增强了胃癌细胞侵袭能力(图3F)。

为了进一步探究LINC01123影响胃癌细胞的分子机制,对转染si-NC或si-LINC01123的MKN-45细胞进行转录物组测序分析。结果显示,敲低LINC01123后,165个基因上调,223个基因下调(图4A)。KEGG通路富集分析提示LINC01123主要与肿瘤相关信号通路有关,如CAM和磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase B,PI3K-AKT)通路(图4B)。GO富集分析同样提示其与细胞外基质和细胞黏附过程密切相关(图4C)。进一步分析上皮-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)及磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin,PI3K/AKT/mTOR)通路相关基因后发现,敲低LINC01123可下调多个EMT相关基因(图4D)和PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路基因(图4E)。这些结果表明,LINC01123可能通过促进EMT和激活PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路,进而推动胃癌的发生发展。

图4

图4   LINC01123对EMT及PI3K/AKT信号通路的调控作用

Note:A. Volcano plot of differentially expressed lncRNAs. B. KEGG enrichment results of differentially expressed genes in MKN-45 cells transfected with si-NC and si-LINC01123. C. GO enrichment results of differentially expressed genes in MKN-45 cells transfected with si-NC and si-LINC01123. D. Heatmap of genes defining epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). E. Heatmap of genes up-regulated by activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.

Fig 4   Regulatory role of LINC01123 in EMT and PI3K/AKT pathway


2.3 LINC01123在体内促进胃癌细胞肿瘤生长

为了验证LINC01123对胃癌细胞体内增殖的影响,将转染了sh-LINC01123或sh-NC慢病毒的MKN-45细胞注射到4周龄雄性BALB/c裸鼠体内,每组5只。每3 d观察记录1次肿瘤生长情况,26 d后取出肿瘤(图5A、B)。结果显示,与对照组(sh-NC)相比,敲低LINC01123组裸鼠形成的皮下肿瘤体积(P<0.001)和质量(P=0.002)均更小(图5C、D)。

图5

图5   LINC01123在体内促进胃癌MKN-45细胞的成瘤能力

Note: A. Representative images of nude mice subcutaneously injected with MKN-45 cells stably expressing sh-NC or sh-LINC01123 lentivirus (n=5 per group). B. Excised tumors from nude mice in sh-NC and sh-LINC01123 groups. C. Tumor volumes of two groups were assessed for 26 d. D. Tumor weight of two groups. ①P<0.001, ②P=0.002, compared with sh-NC.

Fig 5   Promotion of tumorigenesis of gastric cancer MKN-45 cells by LINC01123 in vivo


2.4 LINC01123可结合ENO1并调控胃癌细胞的糖酵解

为了进一步研究LINC01123在胃癌进展中的分子机制,首先通过细胞组分提取实验检测其亚细胞定位。结果显示,LINC01123主要分布在细胞质中(图6A),该结果也通过FISH实验得到证实(图6B)。

图6

图6   LINC01123与ENO1蛋白的结合及对胃癌细胞糖酵解的调节作用

Note: A. Expression of LINC01123 in the cytoplasm and nucleus of gastric cancer cells. B. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay showing the localization of LINC01123 in MKN-45 cells. C. Silver-stained SDS-PAGE of proteins from RNA pull-down assay of MKN-45 cell extracts. The red arrow indicates the band used for mass spectrometry analysis. D. ENO1 pulled down by LINC01123 and negative control RNA was analyzed by Western blotting. Input represents the total protein used for RNA pull-down. E. PCR analysis of LINC01123 expression from RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays. F. Co-staining of LINC01123 (green) and ENO1 (red) in MKN-45 cells by in FISH. G. Schematic map of the potential binding site of LINC01123 in ENO1 by catRAPID analysis. H. The interaction matrix between LINC01123 and ENO1 by catRAPID fragments analysis. I. Graphic display of ENO1 and its truncations. J. Flag-tagged ENO1 and its truncations were verified by Western blotting. K. Quantitative PCR of LINC01123 from purified RNAs of RIP experiments performed with 293T cell extracts transfected with Flag-tagged ENO1 or its truncations. L. Reduced lactate production in MKN-45 and AGS cells after LINC01123 knockdown. M. Reduced ATP production in MKN-45 and AGS cells after LINC01123 knockdown. ①P=0.002, ②P<0.001, compared with IgG; ③P<0.001, ④P=0.009, ⑤P=0.001, compared with sh-NC.

Fig 6   Binding of LINC01123 to ENO1 protein and regulation of glycolysis in gastric cancer cells by LINC01123


随后,进行RNA pull-down实验筛选与LINC01123相互作用的蛋白质。银染结果显示在40~55 kDa之间有1个明显条带(图6C),经质谱分析确认主要结合蛋白为ENO1。进一步通过Western blotting验证了LINC01123确实能结合ENO1(图6D)。

RIP实验也验证了MKN-45细胞中ENO1能富集更多的LINC01123(图6E)。FISH实验结果显示,LINC01123与ENO1在细胞质中共定位(图6F)。catRAPID数据库分析预测,LINC01123可能结合ENO1的0~1 000 bp区域(图6G、H)。为了进一步验证LINC01123与ENO1的结合位置,构建3种带有FLAG标签的ENO1截断体(删除不同区域),分别为:ENO1-A(删除第97~237位氨基酸)、ENO1-B(删除第238~404位氨基酸)、ENO1-C(删除第405~434位氨基酸)(图6I、J)。在293T细胞中分别过表达各截断体后,通过RIP实验发现,ENO1的第97~237位氨基酸片段是与LINC01123结合的关键区域(图6K)。

进一步检测乳酸和ATP产量发现,敲低LINC01123显著降低了MKN-45、AGS细胞中乳酸和ATP水平(图6L、M),表明LINC01123可促进胃癌细胞的糖酵解。

2.5 LINC01123通过ENO1发挥促癌作用

为了验证LINC01123与ENO1的RNA-蛋白相互作用是否介导了其在胃癌发生发展中的功能,在LINC01123过表达的MKN-45和HGC-27细胞系中使用siRNA干扰ENO1表达。Western blotting验证转染效率,结果显示2条ENO1 siRNA均能显著降低ENO1蛋白表达,后续实验采用ENO1 siRNA 1#(图7A)。

图7

图7   LINC01123通过ENO1发挥的促增殖、迁移、侵袭和糖酵解功能

Note: A. ENO1 expression after transfection of ENO1 siRNA in LINC01123-overexpressing gastric cancer MKN-45 and HGC-27 cell lines. B. CCK-8 assay showing that the proliferation of MKN-45 and HGC-27 cells overexpressing LINC01123 decreased after ENO1 knockdown. C. Wound healing assay showing that the migration of MKN-45 and HGC-27 cells overexpressing LINC01123 decreased after ENO1 knockdown. D. Transwell migration assay showing that the migration of MKN-45 cells overexpressing LINC01123 decreased after interference with ENO1 expression. E. Transwell invasion assay showing that the invasion of MKN-45 cells overexpressing LINC01123 decreased after ENO1 knockdown. F/G. ENO1 knockdown reduces LINC01123-induced lactate production (F) and ATP production (G) in MKN-45 and HGC-27 cells overexpressing LINC01123. ①P<0.001, ②P=0.008, ③P=0.006, ④P=0.001, ⑤P=0.007, ⑥P=0.002, ⑦P=0.012, ⑧P=0.020, ⑨P=0.011, ⑩P=0.004.

Fig 7   Promotion of proliferation, migration, invasion, and glycolysis by LINC01123 via ENO1


CCK-8实验结果表明,在干扰ENO1表达后,即使细胞中过表达了LINC01123,其增殖能力仍显著下降(图7B)。划痕愈合实验和Transwell迁移、侵袭实验结果表明,敲低ENO1后,LINC01123对细胞迁移和侵袭的促进作用明显减弱(图7C~E)。此外,过表达LINC01123可提升MKN-45和HGC-27细胞中乳酸和ATP的产量,而敲低ENO1则阻断了这种促进作用(图7F、G)。这些结果表明,LINC01123通过结合ENO1促进胃癌细胞的增殖、迁移、侵袭和糖酵解过程。

3 讨论

近年来,越来越多的研究表明,lncRNA在胃癌的发生发展中发挥关键调控作用。多种lncRNA被证实可通过调节细胞周期、信号通路、糖代谢以及EMT等机制,增强胃癌细胞的增殖和转移能力,从而参与肿瘤进展[21]。此外,某些lncRNA因其在血液、外泌体等样本中的稳定表达,已被提出可作为胃癌液体活检的潜在生物标志物。这些研究为lncRNA在胃癌中的功能及其临床应用价值提供了理论基础。

本研究通过整合TCGA和GEO数据库的胃癌转录物组数据,筛选得到1组与胃癌发生及预后相关的差异表达lncRNA,并最终聚焦于LINC01123。文献中尚无关于LINC01123在胃癌中功能的系统报道。本研究发现LINC01123在胃癌组织和细胞中显著上调,且高表达水平与患者不良生存预后密切相关,提示其可能在胃癌进展中发挥促进作用。

细胞功能实验证实,LINC01123在体外可显著促进胃癌细胞的增殖、迁移及侵袭能力;动物实验显示,LINC01123在体内促进胃癌细胞肿瘤生长。转录物组测序结果进一步显示,LINC01123影响多个与癌症相关的信号通路,受其调控的基因主要富集于细胞黏附、细胞外基质重构、PI3K/AKT及EMT通路,提示其可能通过调控细胞骨架及微环境适应性促进肿瘤发生与转移。该结果与部分已报道的促癌lncRNA功能模式类似,如HOTAIR也能通过调控PI3K/AKT信号通路促进癌细胞迁移与EMT进程[22]。

目前已知的lncRNA功能众多,比如lncRNA MALAT1可以作为miR-23b-3p的海绵RNA,通过减弱miR-23b-3p对自噬相关12(autophagy-related 12,ATG12)表达的抑制作用,促进胃癌细胞自噬[23];lncRNA PCAT-1通过招募zeste基因增强子同源物2(enhancer of zeste homolog 2,EZH2),在表观遗传方面抑制PTEN的表达[24-25]。亚细胞定位结合FISH实验结果显示,LINC01123主要分布于细胞质,这与其可能通过RNA-蛋白相互作用发挥调控作用的假设一致。基于catRAPID数据库预测及RIP实验结果,LINC01123可与糖酵解酶ENO1直接结合,且主要识别其第97~237位氨基酸片段。

ENO1不仅是糖酵解关键酶之一,还可参与细胞增殖、缺氧适应和肿瘤免疫调节[16-18,26]。本研究通过细胞功能实验发现,敲低ENO1可逆转LINC01123过表达所诱导的细胞增殖、迁移和糖酵解增强效应,进一步证实LINC01123通过ENO1这一下游靶点在胃癌中发挥促癌作用。

综上所述,本研究初步阐明了LINC01123在胃癌中的表达特征、功能作用及分子机制,发现LINC01123可通过结合ENO1蛋白,增强胃癌细胞的增殖、迁移、侵袭及糖酵解能力。LINC01123有望成为胃癌的新型预后标志物和治疗干预靶点,相关研究结果为胃癌的精确诊断和治疗提供了潜在的新方向。

作者贡献声明

张舒琼、赵兴贺参与研究设计与方法设计,负责实验操作与数据分析,并撰写原始稿件。柯星参与研究设计与方法学制定,协助完成实验验证与数据分析,并参与论文修改工作。陈晓翠和郑浩东负责实验验证与数据分析,并参与论文修改。陈惠参与论文的审阅与修改。沈立松、杨俊瑶参与课题设计,提供经费支持,并参与论文的审阅与修改。所有作者均阅读并认可本稿件的最终版本,且同意提交。

AUTHOR's CONTRIBUTIONS

ZHANG Shuqiong and ZHAO Xinghe participated in study design and methodology development, were responsible for experimental procedures and data analysis, and drafted the original manuscript. KE Xing participated in study design and methodological planning, assisted with experimental validation and data analysis, and contributed to manuscript revision. CHEN Xiaocui and ZHENG Haodong were responsible for experimental validation and data analysis, and contributed to manuscript editing. CHEN Hui participated in the review and editing of the manuscript. SHEN Lisong and YANG Junyao contributed to project design, provided funding support, and participated in manuscript revision. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript and consented to its submission.

伦理批准和知情同意

本研究获得上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院伦理委员会批准(批准号:XHEC-D-2024-051)。所有试验过程均遵照《赫尔辛基宣言》的伦理原则进行。受试对象均已经签署知情同意书。

Ethics Approval and Patient Consent

The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Xinhua Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (Approval No. XHEC-D-2024-051), and all experimental protocols were carried out by following the guidelines of Declaration of Helsinki. Consent letters have been signed by the research participants or their relatives.

伦理批准和知情同意

本研究获得上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院动物伦理委员会批准(批准号:XHEC-F-2024-016)。所有实验过程均遵照《实验动物饲养管理和使用指南》的条例进行。

Ethics Approval and Patient Consent

All animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Committee of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine for Animal Research (Approval No. XHEC-F-2024-016), and all experimental animal protocols were carried out by following the guidelines of Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.

利益冲突声明

所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。

COMPETING INTERESTS

The authors declare no conflict of interests.

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